Carvacrol Exerts Anti‑Inflammatory, Anti‑Oxidative Stress and Hepatoprotective Effects Against Diclofenac‑Induced Liver Injury in Male Rats

Diclofenac (DIC) is an NSAID that can cause toxic effects in animals and humans and carvacrol (CAR) is a monoterpene compound that displays effective pharmacological and biological actions. The purpose of this work was to assess the influences of CAR on DIC‑induced liver injury and oxidative stress in male rats.

The male Wistar rats were segregated into four groups. Group 1, the control group; Group 2 received DIC‑only (10 mg/kg BW, p.o); Group 3, received CAR‑only (10 mg/kg BW, p.o), and group 4 received DIC plus CAR. The serum levels as well as the activity of several liver‑associated markers, and oxidative and anti‑oxidant compounds were tested. The expression of pro‑inflammatory mediators was also studied using the qRT‑PCR analysis.

Our results showed that DIC treatment was associated with the elevation in the serum levels of liver‑related markers together with the increase in the serum and the hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC). Moreover, DIC reduced the activity of the antioxidant system in the rats and increased lymphocyte infiltration into the hepatocytes. CAR; however, protected the hepatocytes from the toxic effects of DIC by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and Glutathione (GSH). By diminishing the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, CAR was also capable of preventing the inflammatory effects of DIC on liver cells.

The findings of this study indicated that the administration of CAR could alleviate the noxious effects of DIC on the antioxidant defense system and liver tissue.