Review of endocrine complications in transfusion-dependent thalassemia

Beta thalassemia is an inherited genetic disorder that often leads to transfusion dependence. One of the significant issues that these patients face is increased iron accumulation in their bodies due to the nature of the disease and regular blood transfusions. Iron overload can cause hemosiderosis and tissue damage in various organs, including the heart, liver, and endocrine systems. Endocrine problems are one of the most common complications in transfusion-dependent thalassemia, and addressing these complications can significantly improve patients' health-related quality of life. The prevalence of endocrinopathy is high, especially in patients with poor compliance with therapy. The most common endocrine disorders include hypogonadism, growth disturbances, short stature, delayed puberty, acquired hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, adrenal dysfunction, osteoporosis, diabetes, fertility issues, and complications during pregnancy. Timely diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders can improve patients' quality of life and reduce social problems. This article reviews the literature on the various endocrine complications encountered in thalassemia.