Tolerance of the Umayyads in civil affairs and its effect on the improvement of the administrative organization of Islamic civilization

Umayyads (Haqq: 132-41) despite all the strictness and intolerance they had towards some sects and races, especially Iranians, they were tolerant in some cases due to political and social necessities and to advance their sovereign affairs. Examining their tolerance in religious matters and knowing their performance in this field can provide a useful experience from the past to our Islamic society. The question answered by this article is: How was the tolerance of the Umayyads in civil affairs and what effect did it have on the improvement of the administrative organization of Islamic civilization? Analyzing the sources with a descriptive-analytical approach shows that although the Umayyads had a lot of violence and strictness against the people, especially the Iranians, but they, as in the administration of vast Islamic lands and in the creation, development, integration and organization of their administrative and judicial affairs, They did not have enough experience and ability, in administrative and civil matters, they have used civilizations such as Iran and Rome, which had valuable experiences in this field. This has caused us to witness the participation of non-Arab and sometimes non-Muslim ethnic groups both in the formation and in the interpretation of courts. This, in turn, has made Muslims familiar with civil matters and has gradually provided the means for their independence in this field