The effect of the function of the Abbasid caliphate on the divergence of the Islamic society (from 232-334AH)

With the formation of the government in 132 AH, the Abbasids ruled over a major part of the Islamic world for more than five centuries and experienced different periods of authority and convergence, weakness and divergence. So far, many researches have been done in the field of how the Abbasid caliphate came into being, periods and factors of its collapse; but there are still unspoken angles about some aspects of this government that remain hidden from the eyes of researchers. This article aims to examine the role of the Abbasid caliphate in the divergence of the society of that period from a different angle and answer this main question: What effect did the functioning of the Abbasid caliphate institution have on the divergence of the Islamic society in the years 232-334 AH? The research findings show: With the disruption of the balance of the closed caliphate system, including the entry of the Turks into the scene of power and the rupture in the Muslim borders, its authoritative function has weakened and this has led to divergence in the Islamic society and finally caused the collapse of the caliphate. To evaluate this hypothesis, the authors have used the model of "general theory of systems" and using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the axis of "functioning of the caliphate institution" which is important for the correct understanding of the history of Islam and the lower layers of the Abbasid caliphate, to discuss and have reviewed.