Stress in ornamental fish and the use of medicinal plants for its control

With the expansion of the ornamental fish industry, the cultivation of these fish has grown significantly in recent decades, and the need for intensive and super-intensive aquaculture methods is felt more than ever. Various stressors such as transportation, high density, manipulation, and poor nutrition can have a negative impact on the immune system of fish and increase the power and ability of pathogenic agents. The use of medicinal plants, due to their low side effects, low cost, and easy accessibility, is considered a suitable alternative to chemical methods in controlling stress and fish diseases. Researchers worldwide are working to strengthen the immune system of fish to combat diseases. This study examines how various stressors are created in fish and how medicinal plants, as immune stimulants, can be effective in controlling stress and improving their health.