Detection of Surface and Sub-surface Coal Mine Fire of Jharia Coalfields using Remotely Sensed and Ground Thermal Data

Detection and mapping of the Jharia coal mine fire through the integration of satellite-based observed data with ground thermography data have been used and described in this work. This assimilation has been achieved using three types of data set viz., Landsat satellite images, topographical area map, and ground temperature survey of different fire-affected sites of Jharia Coalfields (JCF). Thermal anomaly, as observed from the satellite imagery, is one of the most important characteristics of the coal fire detection process. It has been used as a prime indicator for the fire area's extent and intensity. Ground thermographic measurement has also been conducted to further substantiate the thermal anomaly. The obtained amalgamated data is plotted on topographical maps of different sites of JCF. The study reveals that around 70% of the total coal mines of JCF are in grip of either surface fire or sub-surface fire or both surface and sub-surface fire. About 93% of fires detected in the year 1988 were shifted to new locations or in a dormant condition, whereas the remaining about 7% of fires were still burning at the same locations mostly due to the shifting of these fires from the upper coal seam to the lower coal seam or vice versa. The temperature detected by satellite data was 10 to 15 times lower than the actual fire condition measured on the ground during field observation. The study concludes that the detection of several years long-standing fire conditions historical satellite data will be the best option to delineate the fire condition.