Sulfate removal from wate using TiO2 nanoparticles

 The highest sulfate removal percentage was achieved at a concentration of 1 gram per liter of adsorbent, which was 3.44 milligrams per gram of adsorbent or 17.2%. At pH 3, it was 2.22 milligrams per gram or 22.2%. At a time of 90 minutes, it was 4.25 milligrams per gram or 5.42%. And at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, it was 2.51 milligrams per gram or 1.25%. In the SEM analysis, the average size of titanium dioxide nanoparticles increased from 7.33 nanometers before sulfate adsorption to 3.48 nanometers after sulfate adsorption. In the EDX analysis, it was found that titanium dioxide nanoparticles, in their pure state before sulfate adsorption, consisted mainly of titanium and oxygen, while after sulfate adsorption, sulfur was observed in addition to titanium and oxygen, indicating the surface adsorption of sulfate. In the BET measurement, the specific surface area, average pore diameter, and pore volume of titanium dioxide nanoparticles were determined as 45.4 square meters per gram, 22.3 nanometers, and 253.0 cubic centimeters per gram, respectively. The calculation of thermodynamic constants, ΔG° (gypsum free energy), yielded negative values, indicating the spontaneity of the reaction. Furthermore, ΔH° (enthalpy) was positive, indicating the endothermic nature of the adsorption process, and ΔS° (entropy) was positive, indicating an increase in disorder during the reaction. The Langmuir isotherm equation provided a better fit with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.994. This better fit suggests a more favorable mechanism of adsorption.