Investigating the effect of nanoparticles in the turbulent flow of a tube with a constant heat flux with the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach

In this study, using Fluent version 2021 software, to investigate the effect of volume fraction, particle diameter in the Reynolds number range of 10,000 to 100,000 using finite volume method and Eulerian-Lagrangian approach for two-dimensional and three-dimensional geometry. The next one is done in a 1 meter tube. Also, the application of thermophoresis and Brownian force and its effect on Nusselt number results were investigated. The data related to all three modes of thermophores and Brownian force and in the absence of these two forces up to Reynolds 60 thousand were in good approximation with the experimental results and the effect of the forces and the difference of the respective Nusselt numbers from Reynolds above 60 thousand can be seen. The results show that with the addition of nanoparticles, the thermal performance coefficient is increased, and the size of the diameter of the nanoparticles and the volume fraction have a significant effect on this performance. The results were validated with experimental values and showed good agreement.