Isolation, characterization, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from raw meat of large livestock in Iran

Campylobacter spp. genera are one of the most common causes of microbial enteritis worldwide. This research aims to discover how common Campylobacter organisms are in raw meat from large livestock in Iran and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Several 550 fresh ready-to-eat meat samples were gathered from the slaughterhouse, butcher shops, and restaurants in the research region, including cattle (n = 138), goat (n = 102), camel (n = 56), and sheep (n = 254) meats samples. Using routine bacteriological procedures and PCR, Campylobacter spp. was isolated and identified. PCR was used to perform genotype pattering in the identification of virulence genes. The disc diffusion technique was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility. The two Campylobacter spp. were found in 84 (15.27%) of the 550 meat test samples. Cattle and camel samples had the greatest (52.38 %) and lowest (3.57%) frequency of Campylobacter spp., respectively. There were significant variations in the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in cattle compared to others (P < 0.01; 2 = 43.04 or OR = 7.68, CI = 3.40–17.30). C. jejuni and C. coli amounted to 82.14 % (69 samples) of the Campylobacter spp. they were isolated from the raw meat. C. jejuni was found in 39.28% of the samples (33 samples), whereas C. coli was found in 42.85% (36 samples). Other Campylobacter spp. made up 17.85 % (15 samples). The most prevalent genotypes pattering observed in C. jejuni bacteria collected from several sorts of large livestock samples were ciaB (100%) and flaA (100%), and virbll (7.69 %) were the C. jejuni strains found with the least incidence in various large livestock specimens. ciaB (100 %), flaA (100 %), were the most common genotypes found in C. coli bacteria. The C. coli isolates dnaJ (0%), wlaN (0%), virbll (0%), and ceuE (0%) discovered with the least frequency in a range of large livestock samples. Campylobacter spp. isolated from various sample types and sources were 100% sensitive to aphA-3-1 and GM10. Resistance to E15 (76.93 %), cmeB (69.24 %), aadE1 (69.24 %), CIP5 (69.24 %), and AM10 (69.24 %) was found in the isolates.