Examining the Challenges of Peace in Afghanistan from the Perspective of Immanuel Kant's "Perpetual Peace" (2001-2021)

Violence, war, and peace have existed since the earliest times when mankind began recording history. Therefore, how to create peace has always been one of the constant concerns of a group of social science thinkers. The country of Afghanistan has been involved in war for many decades. Consequently, peacemaking has been one of the long-standing aspirations of the Afghan people. By focusing on Kant's theory in the book "Eternal Peace," this article attempts to address the challenges faced by peacemaking in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021 through the lens of Immanuel Kant's concept of eternal peace. Kant considered three specific conditions necessary for the establishment of peace. The findings of the article indicate that the electoral system's nature, tribal political culture, political parties' weakness, constitutional challenges, and the lack of separation of powers (Article 1) all contribute to the challenges in the relations between the Afghan government and other governments, including Pakistan. Iran and America (second article) and finally, the sometimes tense relations between Afghan immigrants in several countries including Pakistan, Iran, India, and European Union countries, and the repeated violation of their global citizen rights in these countries (third article), the peace-building process has failed in this country. Based on the nature of the research, this study is a case study conducted using the descriptive-analytical method and citing library data.