A Comparison between Zīj-i Yamīnī’s Analemma for the Determination of the Qibla Direction with the Works of Ḥabash al-Ḥāsib and al-Bīrūnī

Determining Qibla direction was one of the most popular topics in Islamic astronomy. Muslim astronomers have proposed various methods to determine Qibla, approximate or accurate. One of the most accurate methods for determining Qibla is approximate or accurate. One of the most accurate methods was the Analemma technique. This method turns the three-dimensional problem of the sphere (Earth or celestial sphere) into a two-dimensional plane through a geometrical construct to facilitate the question. In Zīj-i Yamīnī, the second oldest known Persian Zīj composed by Mūḥammad ibn Abū Naṣr al-Ḥaqāyiqī in the 12th century AD, two analemma models for the determination of the Qibla direction are proposed. In this paper, two models are first discussed and completely drawn, then they are compared with other analemma models mentioned in the works of Ḥabash al-Ḥāsib and al-Bīrūnī