Optimal Design of a TID Controller Based on the Minimization of Peak Overshoot of Frequency Deviation and Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error for Load-Frequency Control of Interconnected Two-area Power Systems with Thermal, Gas, Hydro, Wind, and Solar Generation Sources Considering Governor Dead Band and Generation Rate Constraints

Nowadays, with an increasing demand for electrical energy and the high penetration of renewable energy sources, frequency fluctuations pose a significant challenge to power system operators. In this paper, the frequency-load control problem based on the measures of (i) peak overshoot of frequency deviation and (ii) integral of time-weighted absolute error is explored from a new perspective for an interconnected, two-area power system. To this end, the proposed interconnected two-area power system includes thermal, gas, and hydro power generation sources as well as wind and solar renewable energy sources. Additionally, and from a technical perspective, nonlinear factors including dead-band governor and generation rate constraints are also taken into account for the newly developed interconnected two-area power system. To control the frequency, a fractional-order TID controller is widely employed due to its simple structure and high accuracy, the coefficients of which were optimized by a well-adjusted genetic algorithm. For comparison purposes, the performance of the suggested TID controller is compared with a PID controller in terms of dynamic parameters such as frequency deviation range, settling time, and stability speed. Simulation of the proposed interconnected two-area power system in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment indicates that under various operating conditions the proposed TID controller exhibits better effectiveness and efficiency compared with the PID controller in terms of improving dynamic parameters.