An Optimal Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading Framework for Networked DC Microgrids Considering Restriction of Power Losses

DC microgrids are attaining more attraction in the smart grids on account of major characteristics such as reactive power removal, low power losses and high reliability, stability, controllability and energy efficiency. A suitable peer-to-peer (P2P) local electricity market is very essential to ensure the prosperity of networked DC microgrids in the sustainment of increasing penetration of renewable energy resources. The P2P energy trading provides a beneficial platform so that the peers including the distributed generators, end-use consumers and prosumers can buy or sell electrical energy directly with each other. This paper presents an optimization model of P2P energy trading for interconnected multiple DC microgrids coordinated via an energy management system (EMS) to maximize the total profit of participants. Each DC microgrid includes several photovoltaic arrays and wind turbines, residential loads, and electric vehicles (EVs). In the proposed framework, the permissible value of power losses is considered that reflects the limitation of power exchange between the peers and significantly influences the objective value.