Abortive Revolution: constitutionalism and marginalizing the clerics

As the West was continuing to advance, attention was paid, in contemporary Iran, to why Iran was backward or why it was kept backward politically, economically and socially. Several attempts (including constitutionalism) were made to overcome this backwardness and to attain an ideal state of affair in terms of development, but none was of any avail. Why? The present article attempts to answer this question. The author believes that marginalizing religious values and those promoting them was one of the most important causes of this failure.