Construction of Mind vs. Brain Modelling: Artificial Intelligence at the Crossroad

In the mid-20th Century when computers appeared, there emerged a hypothesis according to which such machines are similar to man's mind, and as computer sciences develop and progress, scientists will be able to manufacture such computers which enjoy all capabilities of man's mind. This project was called artificial intelligence, and its advocates assumed some fundamental similarity between man's mind and its intelligent capabilities on the one hand and computer on the other. And as computer sciences progress, we will face artificial minds. To achieve this goal, scientists of the field adopted two main approaches; the approach based on computer sciences was more welcomed. In this article, firstly, the author shows that which philosophical idea underlies the approach based on computer sciences, i.e. semiology; and causes of defeat of this approach have been studied. And secondly, the author has tried to show that how in the field of philosophy i.e. in the field of the ideas of later Wittgenstein and Heidegger, modern views have changed the approach to the project of artificial intelligence; and to give a more promising position to the second approach which may be called connectionism.