A proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis of concentration of trace elements in varicose veins

Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) has been applied as reliable and improved techniques in this study to compare concentration of various trace elements in normal and abnormal varicose veins. Five samples from normal veins and 13 samples from varicose veins bombarded by 2.0 MeV energy proton beams produced by a Van de Graff accelerator in vacuum. Two specimens from each sample, approximately 1cm, were processed for PIXE (proton induced X-ray emission) analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of potassium, iron, copper and zinc concentration were performed with respect to calcium concentration. The concentration of potassium and iron in the varicose vein group has been significantly higher than the normal group. Copper and zinc concentration were also higher in the varicose veins, and the elevation of bromine was seen in the normal group. PIXE analysis showed higher concentrations of trace elements in veins derived from varicos patients compared to normal group. The difference in normal and abnormal vein might be independent of age.