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Pharmaceutical Sciences - Volume:21 Issue: 2, Sep 2015

Pharmaceutical Sciences
Volume:21 Issue: 2, Sep 2015

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1394/05/09
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • Chemical ​Composition and in ​Vitro ​Antibacterial ​Effect of Ziziphora clinopodioides ​Essential ​Oil
    Yasser Shahbazi * Pages 51-56
    Background
    Plants of genus Ziziphora are widely used as carminative, stomach tonic, expectorant and antiseptic in different parts of Iran. The aim of the current study was to determine chemical composition of Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil and evaluate its antibacterial activity against common food-borne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7) with broth micro-dilution and agar disk diffusion methods.
    Methods
    The chemical composition of the essential oil was identified and quantified using gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity of Z. clinopodioides essential oil was evaluated by micro-dilution method in BHI broth medium and agar disk diffusion assay.
    Results
    According to results of GC-MS analysis, carvacrol (64.2%) followed by thymol (19.2%), p-cymene (4.8%) and ɣ-terpinene (4.6%) were the abundant components of the essential oil. The results revealed that the essential oil exhibited strong levels of antibacterial activity against all the tested microorganisms. Regarding the MIC and MBC values, S. typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 were more resistance to the essential oil than the other bacteria.
    Conclusions
    Our findings indicated that Z. clinopodioides essential oil had a potential to be applied as antimicrobial agent.
    Keywords: Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil, Chemical composition, Antibacterial effect
    Abstract View Paper Original: English
  • Effect of Standardized ​Polyherbal Formulations on Blood Glucose Body Weight Food and Water Consumption of Rats
    Snehal Salunke, Vishal Pande *, Prakash Kendre, Somnath Vibhute Pages 57-64
    Standardization of polyherbal formulation is mandatory to evaluate the best quality of drugs for therapeutic value. The main objective of this study was to develop a standardized, safe and effective polyherbal juice with significant anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activity.
    Methods
    Polyherbal juice was formulated using cold maceration method and was evaluated for Total phenolic content, Total flavonoid content, Antioxidant activity, Particle size, IR, HPTLC and Heavy metal analysis.
    Results
    Total phenolic content was found to be 139.23 ± 0.072 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and Total flavonoid content was 62.01± 0.063 mg/g Catechin equivalent. In DPPH scavenging assay the RC50 value of polyherbal formulation was found to be 6.0 µg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical tests and HPTLC was performed for Quantitative Analysis of Phytoconstituents in formulation.
    Conclusion
    In-vivo study shows significant anti-diabetic activity as compared with marketed formulations. Thus polyherbal formulation possesses good anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity.
    Keywords: Polyherbal juice, DPPH, Standardization, Anti, oxidant, Anti, diabetic
    Abstract View Paper Original: English
  • Effects of Aloe Vera Supplements on Blood Glucose Level and Lipid Profile Markers in Type 2 Diabetic Patients - a Randomized Clinical Trial
    Anita Zarrintan, Majid Mobasseri *, Armin Zarrintan, Alireza Ostadrahimi Pages 65-71
    One of the most studied methods to adjust the blood glucose level and dyslipidemia in diabetic patients is administrating of herbal supplements. This double blinded randomized clinical trial (RCT) study we are aimed to study the effect of Aloe vera supplements on blood glucose level and lipid profile of diabetes mellitus type 2 patients.
    Methods
    44 patients (25 male and 19 female) fulfilling inclusion criteria, were divided into two groups of intervention and placebo randomly. The patients in intervention group received 1000 mg of Aloe vera supplements and the patients of placebo group received placebo, daily for two months beside the main treatment for diabetes mellitus. Before and after the intervention blood samples were taken from all the patients; and were measured for blood glucose level and lipid profile. The data were analyzed using independent T-test method. This RCT study was submitted in IRCT center by submitted code of IRCT201307269626N3.
    Results
    The results revealed that the levels of the fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) were not significantly different between the pre-intervention and post intervention blood samples in both intervention and placebo group. Also there was not any significant difference in blood glucose level and lipid profile comparing intervention and placebo groups.
    Conclusion
    In this study, we can conclude that Aloe vera supplement beside the main treatment for diabetes mellitus has no significant effect in blood glucose level and lipid profile in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients.
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Aloe vera supplement, blood glucose, lipid profile, herbal medicine
    Abstract View Paper Original: English
  • Evaluation of Bacteriocin Activities among Enterococcal Poultry Isolates from East Azarbaijan Iran
    Vahid Javaherzadeh, Mahmood Jamshidian, Mohammadtaghi Zahraei, Arash Youseftabar, Morteza Milani, Maryam Hassan, Farzaneh Lotfipour Pages 72-76
    The objectives of the study were to isolate and characterize the bacteriocin producing enterococci in 30 enterococcal poultry isolates from north-west of Iran and to determine the prevalence of bacteriocin structural genes among them.
    Methods
    The obtained isolates were assessed for antibacterial action against 6 indicator strains. The PCR method was applied to detect previously identified enterocin genes.
    Results
    Based on our results 4 (13.3%) of the examined poultry enterococcal isolates were considered as potential bacteriocinogenic strains, all of them identified to be Enterococcus faecium via phenotypic and genotypic examinations. At least one of the detected Bac+ isolates had antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus hirea with no activity against Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus.
    Conclusion
    Genes encoding Enterocin A and enterocin LA50A/B are fairly distributed among the studied poultry enterococci.
    Keywords: poultry, genes, bacteriocin, enterococci
    Abstract View Paper Original: English
  • A Comparative Study of Progesterone and Lidocaine Hydrochloride Release from Poly(L-lactide) Films
    Arezou Mashak *, Hamid Mobedi, Hamid Mahdavi Pages 77-85
    Polyesters have been attractive for development of drug delivery applications because of their biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic properties. The objective of work is a comparative study on the release characteristics of two drugs loaded poly (L-lactide) (PLLA) film. Progesterone (Pro) and lidocaine hydrochloride (LidH) were chosen as the hydrophobic and hydrophilic model drugs, respectively.
    Methods
    The PLLA films containing drugs (10% w/w) were prepared using the solvent casting method after dissolution in dichloromethane. The PLLA matrices were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). In vitro drug release studies were carried out at 37°C in ethanol/water for progesterone and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for LidH. The release kinetics were explained using Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas and Gallagher-Corrigan equations.
    Results
    In vitro drug release was found to be controlled by a triphasic profile for LidH and biphasic profile for progesterone. The results revealed that drug release was higher for the LidH-PLLA film than the progesterone- PLLA film. SEM images confirmed that LidH-PLLA film degraded more than did progesterone- PLLA film.
    Conclusion
    The results of DMTA demonstrated a slight drug-polymer interaction. The experimental results of drug release approximated three commonly-used semi-empirical models: Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas and Gallagher-Corrigan equations. The R2 values show that these mathematic models are suitable for describing progesterone and LidH release from PLLA film.
    Keywords: Drug delivery systems, Poly (l, Lactide), Lidocaine hydrochloride, Progesterone
    Abstract View Paper Original: English
  • QSAR ​Analysis of ​Cyclooxygenase ​Inhibitors ​Selectivity Index (COX1/COX2): ​Application of SVM-RBF and MLR Methods
    Siavash Tatrdar, Abolghasem Jouyban, Somaieh Soltani *, Mostafa Zakariazadeh Pages 86-93
    Anti-inflammatory inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) have been shown to increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in clinical trials. The studies showed that such adverse events could be due to COX2-induced suppression of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) synthesis. These adverse effects related to the degree of COX2 selectivity of NSAIDs. Study of the selectivity index of COX1/COX2 is important for development of the new NSAID drugs. Prediction methods of such index have been interested by scientists.
    Methods
    The selectivity index of a number of 68 molecules from 8 different chemical groups was predicted using MLR and SVM-RBF models. Calculated structural and physicochemical parameters, using the energy optimized molecular structures were applied to develop the desired models. The developed models were validated using LMO, external test set and Y-randomization methods.
    Results
    Regression coefficient of developed MLR model was 0.825 and 0.752 for training and test sets, while for SVM-RBF model it was 0.628 and 0.863 for training and test sets. The RMSE of the developed models were 0.08, 0.06, 0.29 and 0.16 respectively for train (MLR, SVM-RBF) and test (MLR, SVM-RBF) datasets.
    Conclusion
    The validation results showed the higher prediction capability for SVM-RBF in comparison with MLR models. The selected descriptors showed the contribution of electronic parameters in conjunction with size and shape parameters in selectivity of studied compounds.
    Keywords: COX inhibitor, QSAR, SVM, RBF, Selectivity index, MLR
    Abstract View Paper Original: English
  • Propylthiouracil-Induced Liver Injury in Mice and the Protective Role of Taurine
    Raziyeh Karamikhah, Akram Jamshidzadeh, Negar Azarpira, Arastoo Saeidi, Reza Heidari * Pages 94-101
    Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a thionamide drug used in the management of hyperthyroidism in human. On the other hands, several cases of hepatotoxicity, hepatic failure and even death have been reported after PTU administration. No specific protective agent has been developed against this complication yet. Taurine is a sulfur containing amino acid which its beneficial effects in liver tissue has been reported in previous studies. This study was designed to investigate the effect of taurine on PTU‑induced liver injury.
    Methods
    Mice received PTU (100 mg/kg, oral) and different doses of taurine (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, i.p, administered 2 hours after PTU) and markers of liver injury were monitored.
    Results
    Acute exposure to PTU caused hepatotoxicity in mice as evidenced by increase in plasmatic alanine aminotransferase (ALT), occurrence of significant lipid peroxidation, and hepatic glutathione depletion. The mentioned changes were endorsed by histopathological lesions of liver which were mainly manifested as pre-portal inflammation. Taurine administration (500 and 1000 mg/kg, i.p) resulted in reduction of lipid peroxidation, showed rebalancing effect on liver GSH level, and normalized plasma ALT. Taurine administration didn’t affect PTU-induced inflammatory cell aggregation in liver.
    Conclusion
    In view of these results, taurine seems to exert some beneficial effects against PTU‑induced liver injury.
    Keywords: Antithyroids, Drug, Induced Liver injury (DILI), Endocrinology, Hepatoprotective, Propylthiouracil
    Abstract View Paper Original: English
  • Fast Dissolving Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery Systems ​Consist of Ergotamine Tartrate and Caffeine Anhydrous
    Mitra Jelvehgari *, Seyed Hassan Montazam, Saieede Soltani, Rahil Mohammadi, Karim Azar, Seyed Ataollah Montazam Pages 102-110
    Ergotamine tartrate (ET), a serotonin 5-HT1 receptor agonist, is an anti-migraine drug. Due to high first-pass metabolism, ET shows a very low bioavailability in oral administrations (<1%). Caffeine (CA) increases the rate and extent of water solubility of ET. The present study intended to investigate the possibility of developing ET fast dissolving thin films for the fast drug dissolution in the oral cavity, and thus bypassing first pass metabolism for providing quick onset of action of the drug.
    Methods
    The films (ET and CA) were prepared according to solvent casting method, separately. Low viscosity grade of hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E-15) was employed in preparation as a film forming polymer. Propylene glycol was the plasticizer used. All the films were evaluated for their thickness, weight variations, folding endurance, surface pH, disintegration, drug content, DSC, in-vitro drug release, and ex-vivo permeation.
    Results
    The best polymer drug ratio in ET/CA films was 1:20 (E2) and 1:4 (C2), respectively. The films E2 and C2 showed 9.9, 3.2 mg weight, 74, 45 µm thickness, 120.66, up to 300 folding endurance and 0.38, 0.52 mg/cm2 drug content, respectively. The DSC showed no stable characteristic for ET and CA in the drug loaded films and revealed amorphous form. The results showed that ET films prepared had faster release and CA films had slower release (pConclusion
    The formulations were found to be a suitable candidate for the development of oral thin films for migraine therapy.
    Keywords: Mucoadhesive, Oral film, Ergotamine tartrate, Caffeine anhydrous, In vitro studies
    Abstract View Paper Original: English
  • Identification of Indicators for Evaluating the Financial and Economic Performance of the Pharmacy: A Systematic Review
    Ali Imani, Ali Janati, Mona Moghimi *, Mina Golestani, Leila Doshmangir Pages 111-124
    Nowadays, by the increasing of the pharmaceutical expenditure the health system in all countries has gone under pressure. Thus, a process must be provided to assess the financial performance of this industry as it is essential to ensure that the limited resources are spent for the best advantages.
    Objectives
    This study aimed to review indicators for evaluating the economic and financial performance of pharmacies.
    Methods
    A systematic literature research was conducted using seven different search engines and electronic databases (PubMed, EBESCO, Ovid, ProQuest, springer, Science Direct, Scopus) until March 2014 without any time limitation. Inclusion criteria were: articles published in English, and the studies that focused on financial or economical scopes of pharmacy services. Studies that evaluated only clinical or humanistic performance of the pharmacy without an economic and financial assessment and also studies presented in seminars or conferences and letter to editor were excluded from the study. Selected studies were examined carefully, and their results were summarized via Extraction Table.
    Results
    finally, 15 articles were chosen from 1437 articles. After assessment of articles, 108 financial and economic indicators selected for evaluating pharmacy’s performance. Some indicators were: current ratio, cash ratio, total asset turnover, Net Profit Percentage (NPP). Finally, the financial and economic indicators were divided into three scopes: input, process and output indicators.
    Conclusion
    for evaluating pharmacy’s performance, valid financial and economic indicators are required. The financial and economic indicators which had been summarized and sorted in our study can be applied by any country for codifying their local indicators.
    Keywords: Indicator, Financial, Economic, Performance, Pharmacy
    Abstract View Paper Original: English