نشریه تحقیقات سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 23 (تابستان 1394)

The present article tries to describe the internal and external challenges to the unity of Islamic world. In this direction the existing processes in the Islamic world have been explained to find out whether the present situation is an integration or disintegration. The present research by taking into consideration the realities of international system and the existing process in the Islamic world, wants to know whether the unity of Islamic world is possible in future? The finding of the study indicates that by examining the existing situation in the Islamic world one comes to the conclusion that due to contradiction of the Islamic states, in short term we cannot witness the unity of Muslims. For solving this problem, first a plan of Islamic world unity should be prepared and this plan should initially bring about a consensus among the governmental and intellectual elite. Then practical measures and common programs should substitute hostility and contain extremism.

Globalization can be defined as a complex process in which Communities and countries are causing more tangle. Nowadays, as the effect of globalization, international relation has been developed and establishment of international organizations, have reduced autonomy and self-governance; the main question is that globalization faced which aspects of nation-states with challenge? And in what ways has weakened their power and influence? The Result of this Descriptive Analytic survey indicates that with the aid of new media, new concepts such as global culture and human rights have been accepted against national (domestic) culture and rights. In fact the advent of globalization with support of information revolution and delocalization which is caused by globalization, advent of human right phenomena has weakened national governments boundaries and limited sovereignty absolute tradition. Also the globalization requirements, caused challenge in different aspects of state Independence and sovereignty in favor of global culture. Nongovernment organizations and extra government institutes, prosperous more power than they had before against governments. Hence, we are witness of setting of national state in comparison to era before globalization.

BRICS is a group of emerging powers including Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It seems that they are challenging international unilateral system or it is expected to do so. Increasing their economic, political, and demographic capabilities, they could become main pillars in a multi-polar structure. According to the history of international relations, it is a usual practice to constitute a balance. So, they are trying to establish a multilateral system based on their present abilities. The article aims to answer the question how do BRICS behave toward United States’ unilateralism in their foreign policies. Replying the question, the hypothesis is offered that BRICS has kept a revisionist policy based on soft balancing on its eyes. Theory of soft balance should be a proper approach to examine the hypothesis through two variables, i.e. “disparity of power”, and “economic dependency”. Findings show that BRICS is indirectly trying to empower multilateralism in the international system.

Relative deprivation theory by (Ted Gurr) was raised to support the conditions in which some citizens (Group s) of facilities, privileges and take advantage of our more than others have, that the exclusion is the result of Group II. The emergence of feelings of deprivation and a modern phenomenon, generally caused by fundamental changes and developments of human communities is more traditional with the structure and texture of communities out there that are, of course, by comparing your position in society of individuals social aggravation can be fitted. their unorthodox behavior on the fitted fitted. So this continual dissatisfaction motivated mass violence, to which the rise of terrorism can be fitted it is obvious. Study of relative deprivation theory placement based on Ted gurr is the amount of effort in the analysis of the theory of the phenomenon of terrorism in the Middle East region is examined. According to the findings of this research, the emergence and the growth of terrorism in this region is not only caused by relative deprivation and, in fact, this factor is one of the areas of forklift, along with other factors, inside/outside the area, affecting the growth of terrorism has been.

Contrastive political orientation of states,determines the quality of their relationships.Basically, Foreign policy is an arising phenomenon from the identity,which its actors cannot act efficiently, unless they achieve a same theory and ideology. Imam Khomeini’s perspective of“Islam” assumes it a different entity, that provides “others”stability of political identity.Language and ideology consist on justification,production and reproduction of hegemony and unbalanced powers; they know attention on the most profound aspect of power in society as a goal of criticism through exposing the hypocrisy of language.Philosophically, CDA is based on social constructivism which,emphasis on the human factor,reduces reality to human structures. The aim of critical analysis is to show ideological beliefs and values that seem reflect common sense.Everybody knows that the U.S. has the role of “hostile” and “other” in Imam Khomeini’s discourse and this role remains until American’s meme change.In response to this question“what are normal conditions for the relations between the two countries in terms of Imam Khomeini’s discourse?” factors such as“mutual respect” and “changing confrontational hostile policy”are recognized. So, using descriptive methods based librarian tools along with review of Islamic ideas of Imam Khomeini,critical discourse analysis in the foreign policy and test the former hypothesis,the general principles are proved.

Public diplomacy is one of the main tools for imposing “soft power”. This historical fact has recently been seen objectively in performances of a many countries. States try to secure their interests by their soft power and they make huge investments in public diplomacy in order to increase their soft power. The US and Russian Federation as two powerful states with their historical record of cold war while avoiding hard power conflict, nowadays they try to secure their interests by promoting and reinforcement of their soft power elements. In recent years Russian Federation which suffers its military and economic weakness comparing to its competitor tries to compete with the US in the framework of public diplomacy. In spite of availability of common language, their cultural familiarity and other aspects Russia faces short coming in the public diplomacy competition with the US. This article tries to describe changes and developments in public diplomacy sphere between two countries. It tries to answer to this question which factors, why and how they have produce cold war between the two poles through public diplomacy? This research methodologically is analytic -descriptive and its documentation is based on source books, internet resources.

Iran and Saudi Arabia have been known as two powerful poles in Islam world. They play an important role in the geopolitical events in the Middle East. In this study, an attempt was made to study the recent events in three countries, Iraq, Bahrain, and Yemen that have fallen under the politically significant influence of Iran and Saudi Arabia in order to find out the root of their competitions and accordingly in light of that, the innovative suggestions could be proposed. The primary aim of the present study is to show that the nature of the conflict between these two countries has a root in the ideological considerations which arise from the countercurrent domination of the intellectual ideas and values. This also has caused conflict over approaches and gap in the territorial relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. It seems that the only remaining way to heighten the basis of their relationship and cooperation and to attenuate the tension is to take into account their semantic structures as well as their structural requirements.

Change and contiuity in foreign policy of Brazil towards Islamic Republic of Iran the nuclear issuer of Iran not only attracted the attention of big powers but it also attracted the attention of middle powers in international system and each of these powers tried to enter the issue to slove their own problems and get infleunce in internatinal realtions. one of these countries is Brazil which in a short period of time enterned the nuclear issue of Iran and took certain measuers in this direction. the present articel examines the foreign policy behavior of Braizil within the framework of its national interest.Is also wants to know why Brazil which is from a different geographical region wants to enter the nuclear issue of Iran. the articel wants to examine the causes of Brazil behavior towards Islamic Republci of Iran.it also wants to know the pattern of behavior of middle powers about the important international issues.