مجله جستار های زبانی
سال ششم شماره 5 (پیاپی 26، آذر و دی 1394)

Although Ghazals of Hafez have been researched on in different poetic and linguistic approaches، there is always a new finding when diving in this endless ocean. In this paper discourse of signature verses (Takhallus) of Hafez are analyzed using one of the most authorized and referred theories today but ignored for some times that of Bakhtin. The Russian philosopher who claims that the author is not the only speaker but along with “other voices” in an active interaction take part in the creation of the truth. Considering this view point، it was found that in spite of the fact that in most verses Hafez addresses himself، there is no “one” speaker. In other words he takes different varieties of viewpoints. In this way he sometimes agrees with Hafez، sometimes praises him، sometimes takes care of him، and still in other cases he opposes him، blames him، disagrees with him، or even outrages against him. Hafez is not alone، there are other voices in different layers of the discourse in a dialogic interaction. What makes this signature verses distinct is that here Hafez explicitly says that “I is an other”، “I must become the other of myself”، “I am my other self”. In this research، characteristics of polyphonic discourse are proposed as practical Models in three patterns for structural polyphony and three patterns for content or viewpoint polyphony with all the related sub-patterns.

This article, as a part of a broader study about the efficacy of the Conceptual Blending Theory in explanation of cognitive component of meaning construction process, examines how Conceptual Blending Theory can be applied for exploring text coherence in folktales. Two main questions of this paper are that: by using the parameters of Conceptual Blending Theory, is it possible to analyze the text coherence of a folktale and to what extent the findings of this paper can be generalized. It is assumed that by using Conceptual Blending framework we are able to explain the text coherence, as an important factor in meaning construction. The findings of this paper show that the application of Conceptual Blending provides an excellent analytical tool for exploring text coherence and meaning construction process in human mind.

In the last two decades, several approaches to the theory of word formation have emerged which are sometimes quite different in spirit. In contrast to the lexicalist approaches, the theory of Distributed Morphology claims that the complex structure of a word is created in the same way as is the complex structure of a phrase or sentence. Focusing on complex agentive adjectives, the present study argues that there is aparallel between syntactic structure of simple sentences and morphological structure of synthetic compounds in Persian. For this, first the structure of simple sentences will be briefly examined within the framework of Distributed Morphology, before returning to the derivation of compounds. Then, it will be argued that the same hierarchy of lexical and functional projections, including tense and aspect projections, can be found in the morphological structure of agentive adjectives. Finlly, based on the theoretical and empirical considerations provided in the previous sections, the traditional view on the word-formation of agentive adjectives will be totally rejected.On the basis of this analysis, pairs like “dars-xān” (educating) and “dars-xānde” (educated) are both agentive adjectives which just differ in the tense feature and the presence/absence ofAspect Projection, no matter whether the verbal stem is present or past.

Historical texts’ influencing and being influenced by one another have provided special conditions for participation and dialogue among them throughout history, so their title have been also efficient. The titles of historical texts are influential in the creation of their subsequent historical texts’ titles. Therefore, these titles have been in a particular intertextual relationship during their lives. This research has analyzed the titles of historical texts from the early Islamic period to end of Afsharid period according to Genette theory. The present study seeks to answer this question: what is the intertextual relationship among titles of historical prose books with each other and with text of these books. According to Genette’s theory, title is a paratext that is the entry threshold to text, i.e. in a position that is neither completely independent of the text nor entirely dependent on it. And this position distinguishes it from other parts of the text. Demonstrating Trans-textual relationship of titles of historical prose books in intertextual, arcitextual and Hypertextual types, and the intertextual relationship between titles of historical prose books and their texts and influencinge of titles from the style in which historical prose are written are the main achievements of this article.

This research is concerned with the syntactic changes that occur during the process of translation of Quran verses from Arabic to Persian. Since it helps to evaluate syntactic structures and changes, the X- bar Theory is adopted to classify the type of these changes. For the purpose of this research, the type of syntactic groups is determined and the changes of them are comprised in both of Arabic and Persian texts. In this research the scientific study of syntactic groups contains of the study of lexical categorizes (NP,VP) and functional categorizes (IP,CP,DP) in Quran text and its Persian translations. Therefore the syntactic structures are comprised in two languages and different structures are determined in them. The purpose of this research is to study the data of Quran which includes recognizing the lexical and functional categories and determining of the type of their changes in Persian translations. It shows how the semantic and grammatical changes are represented during the translation of Arabic Quran to Persian.

Text linguistics and the related areas of studies including the knowledge of cohesion is a recent branch of study in linguistics and literary criticism. Like many other linguistic and literary theories, this field has emanated from the western thoughts. Theories of the western society have caused different reactions among the Arab scholars in linguistics and literature. Some insist that such theories and ideas as intersexuality, perception, interpretation, and structuralism originate from Arab societies as part of the Arab heritage as they have already been developed by Arab scholars. Indeed, they are right to some extent. On the other hand, some consider them as totally new and unprecedented. Still there are others who take a more moderate stance, believing that they belong to the west, but trying to accommodate the theories to Arabic distinct features and its rich lexical and literary resources. This article sets out to examine the theories of contemporary Arab scholars in Arabic text linguistics, and suggests that many of them believe that the model of cohesion developed by Haliday cannot account for the Arabic language, attempting to accommodate the model by the deletion or addition of some factors.

This study aims at analyzing the representation of the tension of Syria in some newspapers and news resources related to the Western world. The theoretical framework in this study is Thompson’s approach (1990) that mentions five general modes of operation of ideology and outlines a number of strategies appropriate to their symbolic expression. In data analysis it was found that the methods used in these texts are legitimation, reification, dissimulation and fragmentation; and the strategies are rationalization, expurgation of the other, euphemism, externalization, passivisation and nominalization. This shows that the newspapers and resources have reported the Syria’s events on the basis of their own opinions and ideologies and purposes; and they have emphasized on the schismatism and difference between people and groups; that is they somehow have distorted the reality and presented it as they themselves perceive it or want to perceive.

language typology focuses on both language universals and linguistic variations. Implicational universals in typology have semantic, pragmatic, discoursal, processing and cognitive explanations. In this research, word order of Semnani language was analyzed based on Dryer’s 24 typological components. The purpose of this study is the determination of word order of Semnani language based on language typology. Research data are collected through interviewing Semnani’ speakers. The research data indicate that Semnani language has 17 components of strong verb- final languages type and 16 components of strong verb-initial languages type comparing to genera containing languages of Europe and Asia, except for southeast Asia, and this language has also 16 components of strong verb-final languages type and 14 components of strong verb-initial languages type comparing to genera containing world languages. Therefore, there is a tendency for Semnani to be one of languages of verb- final type. Of course, there is no long distance between components of strong verb-final languages type and strong verb- initial languages type of research findings and this is a sign of change in Semnani language from verb-final languages type toward verb-initial languages type. Also, there is gender agreement between subject and verb in Semnani and all infinitive verbs have a marker of perfect aspect.

The present study investigates the auxiliary selection in the languages which use this way to encode perfect and progressive aspect, future tense and passive. In other words, it investigates how Persian makes use of the universal auxiliary categories, be and have, and then it attempts to find out the similarities and differences between this language and others with regard to the selection of these verbs. In the next step the gathered data is analyzed within the framework of croft (2003). The study of various languages showed that the selection of each of auxiliary verbs is not an accidental matter but represents different grammatical and historical development. It is concluded that Persian tends to select the verb be for the perfective aspect and in this way it is more similar to Germanic languages rather than Romance ones. With regard to progressive aspect this language uses the verb have and used to select the verb be before with respect to passive voice although it now uses another auxiliary verb as the production of language invention. For future tense the concept of volition remains in its auxiliary verb. Thus some Persain language usages of the auxiliary verbs follow the universal markedness hierarchy while others are restricted to a few number of world’s languages.

This study analyzes the structure and mechanism of derivational adverbs in standard Persian with a cognitive approach. Based on this approach historical changes and appearing new categories in a language originate in the mind and cognition of the speakers. The birth of an adverb in a language bears some cognitive mechanisms in the mind. The importance of an adverb is due to this fact that it is the sole category that can be an adverb by nature or to be an adjective with the function of adverb or it is a category-functional linguistic element. Therefore, a linguistic item can be always an adverb by nature or be derived from adjectives which are derivational adverb. In comparison to other categories of a language like noun, verb, adjective, proposition- which are basic and primary categories, an adverb can be said to be a secondary category since in most cases it is derived from adjectives by derivation. In a sentence, adverb is just a grammatical function which modifies the sentence or the verb. This research will study the cognitive process of derivational adverbs in Persian which are formed by adding the suffix “aneh” to a root.

The present study tries to compare differential effects of two types of written corrective feedback, that is, direct corrective feedback and metalinguistic explanation, on Iranian EFL learner acquisition of English conditional sentences and indefinite articles. During both types of feedback, all learners were given sufficient time to revise their writings in the first time. They were not given such a chance in the second time. Then, their accuracy and precision in writing were assessed. It was found that the all types of feedback were effective in their precision and accuracy in writing conditional sentences. It was further confirmed that the effect of direct corrective feedback was more effective that meta-linguistic explanations. Also, giving the learners more chances to revise and rewrite their texts enhanced the effect of the feedback. The results revealed that if the written feedback is given to multiple syntactic structures at the same time, the learners would most probably concentrate on the one which more meaning focused than form focused. As to complex syntactic structures, direct correction of the learner's errors will produce better results than metalinguistic explanations.

Many linguists have studied argument structure and argument realization in causative/inchoative alternations within the framework of lexicalist approaches. In the present paper, we will study, criticize and compare various derivatives of lexicalist approaches. Subsequently, we will test the main hypothesis underlying the mentioned accounts. In these accounts it is assumed that the verb’s lexical semantic features determine its argument structure and alternation. In this paper, based on Persian data, we will show that verb’s lexical semantics plays an important role in determination of its alternation, but the verb’s participation in causative alternation cannot be attributed sole to the verb’s semantic content. Overall, the findings of this survey cast doubt on the results of previous researches and show that other factors which transcend the verb’s lexical features determine its argument structure and its participation in causative alternation. With this regard, the other aim of this paper is to specify the factors affecting Persian verbs’ participation in causative alternation. Amongst these factors one can point to contextual factors such as semantic features of verb’s arguments and non-arguments alongside encyclopedic factors which coalesce at the level of logical form of the utterance.

The verbal style of repentance is classified under the speech act of apology. To apologize to the highest authority in the religious hierarchy is called repentance. The purpose of this study is to identify the linguistic tools used to express repentance in both Persian and Russian. In this respect, we have attempted to understand the linguistic similarities and differences in repentance that lead to the diversity of this verbal style in the two languages. The research methodology is based on contrastive linguistics. The result shows that in both verbal environments, speakers use the single pronoun ‘you’ to address God. Moreover, the implication of imperative structure in the formulas of repentance is ‘request’ rather than ‘order’ and it includes begging and pleading with the addressee. In both languages, the singular imperative form is used to express repentance. Examples are Прости! (Forgive me) in Russian language, and dargozar (Forgive me) in Persian language. The characteristic of this verbal style in Persian is that some of these forms have been borrowed from Arabic: astaghfirullah and al’afv. In addition to the singular imperative form in Persian language, such borrowed forms – that are the morphological forms of the verb – as well as the phrasal form xodaya tobe tobe [=God, repentance, repentance] are used to express repentance. None of these grammatical structures are used in Russian language.

This study was conducted to analyze conceptual mappings in two Akhavan Sales’s poems, based on cognitive poetic approach according to the theoretical framework of Freeman (2000), Fauconnier (2002) and turner (2002). In the cognitive poetic approach, analysis of literary works is possible by cognitive linguistic methods. Some of these strategies which make possible the analysis of total work’s structure and type of languages units arrangement are conceptual, relational or system mappings. In the cognitive poetic approach, literary work’s context has fundamental role in making signification and the analysis are based on three component: text, author and reader. In this time, we read two poems of Akhavan Sales based on this theory. The question of this study is how interpretative levels of Akhavan poetry in the framework of cognitive poetic approach explain different aspects of his thought structurally and conceptually speaking? Investigation of two coherent poems of Akhavan Sales showed that which factors cause to viability of poetry and its strength, and how the poetry structure can take part of author’s thought world construction. The results of style investigation of Akhavan with cognitive poetic view showed that the presence of relation between structure and concept, and also concrete conceptual entire in the frame of mental pattern in poetry can be considered as viability factors of his works.