نشریه تحقیقات تاریخ اجتماعی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

The emergence of Islam in Iran and its spread gradually transformed different cultural prototypes in this land. Meanwhile, Iranians gradually put away their Iranian names and adopted Arabic-Islamic nomination models due to various reasons including Arabization of the names, desire for gaining wealth and power, fear of the conquerors, fear for their lives, as well as faith and belief in the new religion. The present research was conducted through qualitative method and examples of frequency of Arabic and Islamic names, from the emergence of Islam in Iran up to the year 400 AH, were examined.

The well-known legend of Yazdegerd I’s death (339-420 CE) wasobviously fabricated by Zoroastrian priests and nobles of Sassanid period who were informed about it through Arabic translation of Xwadāy-Nāmag as well as Arab and Iranian historians of the Islamic period. Based on the elements of thestory, people attribute the death of Yazdegerd to will and favor of God and consider the horse as one of the angles of God that had the mission of killing Yazdegerd and making the people get rid of his injustice and cruelty. The question is why such a story about Yazdegerd’s death was fabricated in the Sassanid period and what its function was. So far, a number of factors have been identified by the researchers of Sassanid history, including the dissatisfaction of Zoroastrian priests and nobles with Yazdegerd's policies of religious tolerance towards Christians and Jews, which eventually put him to death and led to fabrication of the legend. This paper proposes that Yazdegerd I died due to an illness and then vengeful nobles and priests, in an effort to destroy his memory, re-told his death as a legend and a divine punishment for a criminal king.

Islam religious law (sharia) has defined duties and rights concerning the judicial relationships between women and men within the family institution. In view of that, the first judicial relationship between these two elements is established via marriage. In case the aforementioned social relationship is discontinued, as a result of marriage break, another type of judicial relationship will be established; which has its own components. In this paper, through reference to some documents and other parallel resources, we aim to investigate the judicial rules, regulations, and challenges in women and men relationship within the family during the Qajar era. We then analyze such relations with regard to two domains of financial rights (such as dowry, alimony, and the like) and non-financial rights (such child custody and the like). The findings of this research would shed light on the trend of family's juridical laws in the Qajar era, and help to clarify some aspects of civil and juridical history in that era.

The history of Iranian photography is not secluded from the history of this country. Given that, we can properly read out this history by considering the political and social context. To arrive at a more profound understanding of the conditions of Iranian photography in the Qajar era (before and after the Constitutional Revolution) and to study the role of this new media in that period, the authorglances at the history of Iranian photography through a discursive lens. He attempts to answer these questions: “What kind of discourse was formulated in this period, and how? What is the relationship between this kind of discourse and power? What other kind of discourse has been rejected as a result of the dominance of this discourse? The conceptual and methodological framework of this paperis based on Michel Foucault`s thoughts. The purpose of this article is "genealogy" of photographic discourse "before and after the Constitutional Revolution". It also studies the "ideological" role of photography in that period. The author, at the beginning, pays attention to the conditions of theem ergence of the discourse of photography in the Qajar era and clarifies that a "political" discourse was being formed and then gained dominance based on the traditional conception of "politics" and "power".Following the Constitutional Revolution, this discourse transformed substantially. Finally, the author explains that the "politically" (dominant) discourse led to rejection of the "socially" (silent) discourse in the history of the Iranian photography.

With Germanic invasion of Western Roman Empire and its consequent fall, monetary-exchange economy and urbanization reached its nadir in Western Europe. In Western society, economy and production began to rely on agricultural products and a system of barter. Villages became the central arena for political, social, and economic life, as urban life began to lose its central position of political and economic importance. Nonetheless, from the twelfth century onward, a set of developments happened in Western Europe which led to re-establishment of cities and their gradual rise in political power. This paper aims to illustrate a systematic and comprehensive picture of the logic and developments that led to reemergence of cities in the medieval Europe via relying on documents and using historical methods. From the twelfth century, as a result of developments in geographical conditions and productive tools and techniques, the production increased so much that it could feed a very greater population than before. Population, therefore, rose exponentially and a surplus of agricultural workers emerged who inhabited newly-built cities and turned to crafts and services. By the end of the medieval ages, the cities began to fight feudalism while claiming their freedom and independence and seeking the support of the monarchs.

Addiction to narcotic drugs has been (and still is) one of the concerns of the Iranian society throughout the history. The emergence of some types of addictive drugs dates back to the medieval history. The present study, conducted through descriptive and analytic method, seeks to probe into the history and status of drug use in the medieval centuries of Iran. The findings suggest that various types of drugs, chiefly opium and hashish, were common in that period of time, which were being used for medical, leisure, recreational, and sedative purposes as well as for political-avenging aims. Public attitudes towards drugs were unpleasant, because of their side effects and adverse outcomes in personal and social affairs and reduction in social status. Moreover, the government's policy considering the issue of addictionis unclear due to reasons like political-military involvements or personal interests in drugs. We are informed of drug ban only in one case of Sarbedaran and temporary bans on drug use.

The main questions considered in this paper are: What definition(s) of justice is considered by urban planners in Iran? And how this theory has been transformed throughout the history? In this article, examples of the concept of justice—as employed by the Iranian urban planners—and three exemplary comprehensive urban plans will be taken into consideration. The research findings show that in these plans justice has been mainly contemplated by Iranian urban planners in two definitions of “justice as equality and elimination of classes” and “justice as provision of the minimums for all”, and generally in the economic and technical (physical) dimensions. In view of that, justice is mainly mentioned as providing access to critical land use and reducing spatial inequalities by Iranian planners. This analysis shows that the dominant approach of urban planners has been mainly influenced by the modernist definitions of the first five decades of the 20th century.