فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 29، زمستان 1394)

ethnic country and this multi‐ethnicity has brought about opportunities and threats. It is clear that the settlement of ethnic groups in the territory of multi‐ethnic countries leads to strategic decisions for managing those ethnic groups. As one of the most ingenious and ancient ethnics, Kurds have been being settled in Iran from the very past and this historical record has led to great fixation to this territory and even some of them consider themselves as the most ingenious ethnic groups in Iran. Among all the instances of elements of convergence and amplifiers of national security one can refer to race, religion, culture, history, common customs; and as elements of divergence and threats to national security faith, language, feeling of discrimination and deprivation, elites opposition, weakness of the central government, non-development, border and marginal situation, existence of similar ethnic groups on the other side of the borders are referable. This research analyses the geopolitical convergence and divergence of Kurds based on the Hartshorne theory of centralized and centrifugal forces and determines that there is a meaningful relation between geopolitical elements of Kurds and national security of Islamic Republic of Iran and disregard for the divergence elements of the Kurds will jeopardize national security and territorial integrity of Iran in long-term. In the end, several strategic suggestions are recommended for enforcing the convergence elements of the Kurds and guaranteeing national security of Iran. Keywords: Geopolitics, Kurd Ethnic, Security, National Security, Divergence, Convergence, Hartshorne. Received Date: 31 October 2015 Accepted Date: 1 February 2016

Principle Planning is essential to promote the needs of each country's sovereignty in the border areas. Iran has also shapes the land, extent and geographical and geopolitical threats, and competing ethnic, religious and regional Western countries have high sensitivity in its limits. Especially in the border areas of different ethnicities and religions live. In addition to the high level of poverty in the areas of divergent ethnic and religious groups are active in these areas. It also offers all the capabilities and capacity of the mining and agriculture industries are weak. One of the areas bordering Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan that all these threats and challenges it presents. This shows the importance of the Iranian government and the Kurdistan region of Iraq, rational planning, and consistent with the requirements of ecological and humanitarian issues in the region's political and cultural. Therefore, in this paper, has reviewed and analyzed, the approach makes use planning in the region and geopolitical factors affecting the preparation of this area. So the main questions are: (1) geopolitical factors that influence the preparation of the border between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan are there? (2) How the geopolitical factors affect how land use planning study area? Research hypothesis is as follows: It seems Geo-Culture components, geo-political-security and Geo-economy, geopolitical factors influencing the preparation of the border between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan. The methodology of this paper is descriptive-analytical.

The aim of this paper is to define a framework for analysis of the enterprises institutional environment of stone industrial clusters of Isfahan (metropolitan) region (Mahmmoudabad, Najafabad, Dolatabad, and Khomeinishahr) on regional development in order to determine which of the industrial clusters indexes and also enterprises institutional environment indexes is more effective and which one have less impact on the regional development of selected industrial clusters and selected industrial clusters institutional environment development respectively. In addition, which of the enterprises institutional environment of selected industrial clusters is more effective and which one have less impact on the regional development. In this regard, the literature about industrial clustes has been reviewed for determition of indexes and field method (with questionnaire) has been used for data collection. In addition, structural equation modeling (SEM) has been used for analysis. Results show that the most effective factor on regional development is “enterprises manager’s characteristics” which has significant relation with regional development in the economical, social and physical aspect. Also, “enterprises worker’s characteristics” and “relationship between workers and managers status” have significant relation with regional development in the social and physical aspect and only social aspect respectively. So, because of the important role of knowledge about enterprises activities in the “enterprises manager’s characteristics” and “enterprises worker’s characteristics” improvement, for having more regional development from enterprises institutional environment, it is suggested to hold workshops about stone activities especially about strategic thinking and enterprises managment improvement.

Creative cities are considered as centers of creativity, innovation and transformation of ideas into wealth. Since ideas and creativities are main competitive elements in the age of globalization, enjoying a creative city is the dream of each society. But, what is a creative city and which features and characteristics does it have? What are the requisites for a city to be considered creative? How does citizens’ creativity cause development? The present study is to answer the mentioned questions with the analytical investigation of the subject matter. The research method is a descriptive-analytical one with a qualitative approach and the objective of the present study is to access the research questions, i.e. to find necessary conditions for creative cities and their strategies. The basis of the economy of creative cities is based on culture and cultural resources and concepts such as cultural industries, creative industries and creative economy are considered. Attraction and growth of potentialities and ideas require a diverse, patient, and open environment. If a city succeeds to attract creative individuals and apply them in management, economy and cultural industries, it can act successfully in the scene of economic competition and development. In this arena, Tabriz Metropolis plays a specific role and status in the national, and sometimes international domain and has a significant portion in the occurrence of innovative activities and creative economic domain. In addition, it enjoys the capability of becoming a creative city in terms of historical and cultural records, the existence of historical and cultural buildings in the city and having environmental facilities and potentials for attracting domestic and foreign tourists, being first in all fields, development of free and industrial zones, appropriate economic structural projects and favorable economic records, public and private transformation infrastructures, and having communications with other points in the world via telecommunications and other communications.

Abstract In recent years, Appending or integration of peripheral villages to cities has attracted the attention of experts and officials, but yet few steps in the evaluation of physical – spatial consequences and provide appropriate solutions to reduce and prevent problems and issues arising from it. this phenomenon over the last decades, made many of the grounds for appending of rural settlements to urban, has been particularly metropolitan cities. Methodology in this study is analytical and descriptive research. In this paper, we investigated the effect of spatial relevance and relationships between town and village in appending peripheral villages to cities and so physical – spatial consequences. Caused by the appending peripheral villages to cities, with case studies, Malayer city and Aznav village be examined. The physical – spatial consequences of Appending, mainly problems stated in the form of pathology.

Afghanistan importance has been so important for Iran from the past times. Some people believe that the security of Iran depends on the degree of the security in Afghanistan, China continues its interaction with Afghanistan just because of the security and economic approaches. In economic field, the investment in mine and energy is done; in the area of security, the big issue is the threat of expansion of the Takfiri groups and Extremism into China.

This study is based on the Analytic-Descriptive Method; the data collected through the Library Method and by using the questionnaire, internet and media resources. The questionnaire (based on the the Likert Scale) was designed to evaluate the Strategic Treaty of Afghanistan –China; the influence of China on the Political, Military and Security Foundations of it and the Strategic Treaty of Afghanistan-Iran. The advantage of each part is that it is the multiply of the responses for each item in the degree of the importance of it; the Mean of each section is the division of the score of the item in the sum of the responses. Result &

The respondents considered the degree of the effect of the Strategic Treaty of Afghanistan –China and the influence of China in the Political, Military and Security of Afghanistan as 39% means high and very high, 61% medium and lower. Also, the mean of the Security of the I.R. of Iran, the degree of the effect of the Strategic Treaty of Afghanistan- China on Iranian borders as 3.2; the mean of the influence of China on the Political, Military and Security of Afghanistan on the Security of I.R. of Iran as 3.12.So, it shows that this section has two times influence on the borders of Iran. Moreover, the respondents assessed the effect of the Strategic Treaty of Afghanistan –Iran as almost 86 %( high and very high), and 6% as medium and lower.

The result shows that the presence and plans of China in Afghanistan is an opportunity for Iran and if it is neglected, the SPACE OF MANEUVER OF Iran in Afghanistan would be bounded. So, Iran should cooperate and coordinate with China in the economic and security domains in Afghanistan. Moreover, Iran should change not so positive attitudes of Afghan authorities through the confidence-building activities.

In any society, improve the health status of Citizenry is one of the signs of improvement and human development. We believe that optimal distribution of health facilities and Health indicators have importance in betterment of life quality and sustainable development, for this reason, in the present study the distribution and development of these indicators in the townships of Hamedan province have done by comparative evaluation. In this research, Research Methodology has been Descriptive – Analytic method and was used factor analysis and cluster analysis methods. Findings show that relative deprivation can be seen in the province in terms of access to health indicators and distributions of the existing facilities are not tailored to the needs of the townships population. Hamedan Township, as the center of political and economic administration of the province, has the second rank of the most Desired city in terms of development of health indicators and has Relatively significant difference to Tuyserkan which this township has the first rank, then, townships of Razan, Malayer, Nahavand, Bahar, Kabudarahang and Asadabad are in the next ranking and Famenin has known as the Most deprived township. Via cluster analysis model were also identified three levels that the level of one is the most desirable township that Only Tuyserkan included and the level of two which is included Hamedan, Razan, Malayer and Nahavand which are desirable half and finally the third and fourth level which are others townships of Hamedan province that were identified as deprived areas.