مجله جستار های زبانی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 30، خرداد و تیر 1395)

"Forgiveness" is a collection of stories of Sadegh Hedayat’s Three drops of blood. It narrates the story of a woman whose jealousy causes the death of the first and second children of his husband’s second wife and the latter. The history is full of sense of reproach and suffering of the feelings of jealousy. In this study, we try to analyze, following the theory of Landowski on the human feelings and the patterns provided by experts as Greimas, Fontanille and Landowski about the human emotions’s production, the "jealousy" through the perspective of semiotics of passion. The aim of this research is to show how this feeling takes the discursive properties. We will also examine how the status of emotion of jealousy in this story corresponds with the systematic patterns of semiotics of Paris school and its recent theories. This review will provide and assess the applicability of these models on the Persian literary products.

The present paper is a typological analysis of restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses in Farsi and German. This study makes an attempt to determine the elements used in Farsi and German to differentiate restrictive relative clauses from non-restrictive ones. A second question that this study aims to answer is which noun phrases can serve as the head of relative clauses. The results show that Farsi as well as English¡ Bemba and Hebrew use formal elements to differentiate between the two types of relative clauses. In German¡ however¡ semantic and pragmatic elements are used for the same purpose. The results further show that in both languages¡ there are restrictions in the choice of referents for relative clauses. An example of such restriction is that in German¡ unlike in Farsi¡ a proper noun cannot serve as the head of a restrictive relative clause.

The purpose of this study is to examine the passive in Sŏranī and Kurmanji Kurdish based on Role and Reference Grammar. The strategy of the research is analytic-comparative. Sŏranī and Kurmanji, respectively, manifest morphological and periphrastic passive voice. In Sŏranī (Mahǎbǎdi) passive is marked by suffix rǎ/rě attached to a verb and in Kurmanji by the auxiliary verb hǎtin "to come" along with infinitive. In this study, it is shown that despite the past transitive constructions in Kurmanji and Sŏranī, respectively, display ergative morphology and non-accusative (neither ergative nor accusative), the passive is insensitive to the tense, namely, passive in the past and present tenses follows the same pattern of accusative languages and it shows that passive construction canonically involve two phenomena of the universal formulation of basic voice oppositions in Van Valin (2007): privileged syntactic argument (PSA) modulation and argument modulation. Furthermore, this study shows that the Role and Reference Grammar approach cannot make a clear account about those non-active structures that form from intransitive complex verbs.

This paper scrutinizes the lexical feature and syntactic position of the so-called obligatory adverbs in Persian. Previous studies have viewed Persian adverbs under two classifications, namely obligatory adjuncts and optional adjuncts, with no account of their syntactic position. Within Minimalist theory, following the specifier treatment of adverbs, we propose that obligatory adverbs, in sharp contrast with other adverbs, occupy no specifier position of any dedicated functional projections, rather they are base generated in the specifier position of Verb Phrase.

Grammatical markers are those types of words by which the function of other words in the sentence is recognized. At first glance, grammatical words have no task except linking other words together, and are not amongst words towards which poets have any special concern. But studying them in poetry shows that they have various artistic functions and can be counted as effective tools by poet for constructing the language of his poem. This study aims at analyzing the aesthetic functions of grammatical words in contemporary poetry, and with an inductive method delineates that they are as essential as other words in the structure of poetic language and the effectiveness and foregrounding of speech. This category words influence the foregrounding of poetry both semantically and syntactically, and are employed as instruments for the emphasizing and foregrounding meaning, emotion and thought, and also as elements in creating music, irregularity, building of new linguistic forms, creativity and innovation in the field of poetry. Beginning or ending poems or lines of poems by some of these conjunctions, creative clustering or omitting of these words, and emphasizing the meaning by the proper employment of these words in the syntactic context of the poems are examples of the most significant aesthetic functions of grammatical markers in contemporary poetry.

Any discourse is the domain of producing and receiving the meaning and different factors involved in the formation of this process. Metaphor is considered as one of meaning creating elements in various types of discourses. This article has adopted a semiotic-semantic approach which takes a look at the function of discourse devices of metaphor in the production process of meaning and the way Nima Youshij communicates in discourse of his letters. By pro enunciative role we mean the use of metaphor as a technique employed by the speaker to highlight a part of the utterance, to impact further on the audience, to support the utterance, to repair the chaotic relations, to cover up emotions, to induce a certain sense to the audience in the discourse. This research is going to denote the role of metaphor in the formation of meaning and cohesion in the discourse; to evaluate the effectiveness of metaphor application and to investigate other functions of metaphor inn the discourse. Therefore, the most important communicative functions of metaphor in Nima's letters have been classified and analyzed.

In our Iranian- Islamic heritage there are lots of luminous and valuable linguistic theories. Abdolghaher Jorjani`s theory of construction is an example of these endeavors in the Islamic linguistics area which has many close relations with western linguistic and critical theories such as Halliday functional theory. There are many common points between these two theoreticians` principles and concepts.
This study tries to analyze some of this common points with a descriptive-analytical method in three basic sections: The first one deals with construction theory &systemic grammar.The second deals with construction theory &context.and the third deals with construction theory & textual structure.
some of the conclusions of this research are: the convergence between the concept of construction and the concept of systemic grammar, the attention of two theoreticians with the context(linguistic and extralingustic) and its special function in the explanation of meaning of text , the convergence between two theoreticians in special function of speaker and listener in the word order.
the present research is going to recognize functional features of Jorjani`s theory by filling the gaps between both theories which belong to old time and contemporary time.

The present research is aimed to analyze the phonological processes of Galeshi dialect such as; compensatory lengthening, deletion, lenition, raising and metathesis. The theoretical framework of the study is on optimality theory, and the dialectal data gathering has been via recording ten hours of speech together with the researcher's intuition as a native speaker. The data has been transcribed according to IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) and the research method is descriptive- analytic. Accordingly, the phonological processes and compensatory deletion of /h/, /?/ in two- syllable words in CVC.CV (C) context leads to compensatory lengthening of vowel in first syllable; deletion of consonants /t/, /d/ as a second number of a consonant cluster or succession of consonants; deletion of coda voiced consonant after long vowels), lenition (change of /b/ to [v] and /Œ/ to [X] ; raising (change of /e/ as a low vowel to [i] as a high vowel; metathesis (substitution of /r/ replaces /d/and /b/ in "madrese" and "kebrit" words and /s/ replaces /k/ in "taksi' word.(have been exemplified within the tables and analyzed in tableaus by the use of the constraint rankings in OT.
The results depict deletion and insertion as the highest processed and metathesis as the lowest.

There are three kinds of changing valency processes in languages: lexical, morphological and syntactic. Transitive and intransitive alternation of verb "poxtan (cook)" is an example of lexical alternation; morphological causative "xordan/ xorandan" (to eat vs. make to eat) is an example of morphological alternation in Persian; and active/passive alternation is an example of syntactic alternation in Persian. This paper deals with all lexical transitivity alternations in Persian based on the model proposed by Beth Levin (1993). These alternations are introduced with the same order and numbers used by Levin in her work (1993). The alternations are as follows: complement of transitive verb = subject of intransitive verb, Unexpressed Object Alternation, Conative Alternation. There are some Persian alternations too which are not used in English. These alternations are introduced at the end of this paper. Beth Levin didnt discuss the alternations dealing with clausal complements. In this paper we didnt mention these alternations too.

The present paper is considered with the issue of verbal violence in the language of drama. In evaluation of verbal violence, Jeanette Malkin (2004) proposes six maxims, through which language is known as an arrogant element. The characters in dramatic texts (as in other literary texts) are created, developed, evolved and in some cases destroyed by language. In considerable number of modern plays, language acts as an antagonist who is to destruct and demolish the personality of the other(s) in the play with violence and aggression; so, the theoretical study of dramatic verbal violence as a component of dramatic discourse is considered indispensable to critical discourse analysis of dramatic texts and the study of power relations as reflected in the dialogues.; Focusing on the patterns of dramatic verbal violence introduced by Malkin, this study aims to discuss the dominant patterns of verbal violence in Hamlet With Season Salad, a play by Akbar Radi, and investigates the role of language in shaping, and destroying of human identities.

This research seeks to find, which of NP and DP’s models may accurately describe the relationship between the head and its dependent(s), based on minimalism in Persian language. The method of study is descriptive-analytic. This study was performed by comparing English sources with Persian ones. The samples were selected by the intuition of the researcher in a way that aspects of differences between these two models can be shown. We contrasted the data based on two models, the traditional model which takes N as the head of the phrase and the new model in which the head of the phrase is a determiner and NP is a complement headed by “D”. By analyzing of NPs, tree diagrams were drawn by comparing the aforementioned models we concluded that DP model represent a better description of the head-dependent relations, and NP model can be replaced by the DP to draw structural relationships of sentences.

This research surveys similarities and differences of semantic, syntactic and pragmatic characteristics of subject-subject, subject -object causative construction in Azeri Turkish on the basis of Van Valin's (2008) Role and Reference Grammar, in order to characterize their semantic, syntactic and pragmatic features of complex causatives and to identify and explain their similarities and differences on basis of Van Valin's classification of complex causatives. This descriptive –analytic research, after collecting data from spoken language, transcribed and analyzed them semantically, syntactically and pragmatically in order to realize whether Van Valin's classification and his expected features exist in Azeri Turkish or not. The most important results of this study showed the second group of Van Valin’s classification of causatives and jussive exist in Azeri Turkish and also, there are specific relationships between semantic, syntactic and pragmatic characteristics of subject-subject and subject–object causatives and Inter clausal hierarchy of semantic relation and these two groups of causatives have some similarities and differences. All of the groups show causation meaning, narrow focus and PSA in all of them which is actor. Subject –Subject and subject –indirect causative show weak causation while subject- direct object causative shows strong causation.