نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 22 (پاییز 1394)

Plant tolerance to water stress is affected by environmental parameters, plant genotype and their interactions, hence yield under stress conditions may not be useful considence for screening of genotypes. To introduce efficient drought tolerant indices in bread wheat a double haploid population including 82 DH lines and their parents were studied in this research. A greanhouse experiment under two drought stress and optimum moisture conditions conducted using RCBD with three replications. Combined analyse of data showed variation among genotypes response to water stress and also there was no relationship between yield under stress and non stress conditions. HARM, STI, GMP and MP showed high and significant correlation with yield under both conditions and were efficient in screening of genotypes. Principal components analysis of the data revealed ability of this statistical procedure to reduce the size of large amount of data. The first and second component explained 96.2% of the total variation. Distribution of genotypes in biplot constructed by the first and the second principal components introduced Pavan, DH4, DH70, DH71, DH34 and DH30 as the tolerant genotypes with high grain yield under both conditions, also DH79, DH82, DH53, DH75 and DH26 as the susceptible genotypes to drought stress.

The purpose of this study was to identify the most important traits affecting yield in 14 cotton genotypes in normal conditions and imposing drought after flowering. Two separate experiments were conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates at the Agriculture Research Farm, University of Birjand during 2013. Phenotypic correlation analysis showed that the correlation between cotton yield with fiber weight, biological yield, harvest index, 1000-seed weight, number of bolls per plant, days to second harvest, oil percent in normal conditions and with fiber weight, biological yield, harvest index, 1000-seed weight and number of bolls per plant in stress condition was positively significant. The stepwise regression analysis showed that the boll number per plant and fiber weight was the most important traits that affected the cotton yield in normal and stress conditions, respectively. The path analysis showed that the fiber weight and biological yield in normal and the biological yield and harvest index in stress conditions had the greatest positive impact on cotton yield. For two conditions the genotypes were grouped into five classes by cluster analysis. Factor analysis was detected that five factors in normal conditions and four factors in stress conditions, showed % 90.03 and % 81.28 of total of variations. In normal and stress conditions yield factor selected as the first and secend important factors, respectively.

In this research grain yield and yield components of corn were examined under competition with pigweed on P in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. The treatments included planting pure corn, corn /pigweed intercropping and pure pigweed; and P amount in five levels: 0 (as control), 80, 160, 240 and 320 kg ha-1 as triple superphosphate resource. The results showed that P fertilization as 320 kg ha-1 increased grain number in ear (41.6%), thousand grain weight (19.2%), grain yield (33.4%) and biological yield (31.8%) of corn, as well as, plant height (27.0%) and dry weight (34.3%) of pigweed in pure culture. However, thousand grain weight of corn in the last P level (320 kg ha-1) and plant height and dry weight of pigweed in last two levels of P (240 and 320 kg ha-1) in intercropping were reduced. Intercropping of pigweed had negative effect on yield and yield components of corn, especially in lower P levels; while there is no significant effect in highest P level. This means that P had positive effect on competitiveness of corn against pigweed. Overall, for achieving to greater competition ability of corn against weeds such as pigweed and lower cost, 240 kg ha-1 P fertilizer can be recommended for future investigations.

In this study the effect of alkalinity stress on physiological characteristics of plant Nitraria schoberi in 1391 under the terms of the greenhouse at the University of Kashan, were studied. Project consisting of 5 treatments (each treatment consisted of 4 replicates) and control, stress levels Four: The first level of control (pH = 7/2), Low alkalinity (pH = 8/5), Moderate alkalinity (pH = 9), High alkalinity (pH = 9/5) and extreme alkalinity (pH = 10) was conducted. Parameters of soluble sugars, Relative water content, Nitrogen and bicarbonate in different treatments Alkalinity (leaves, stems and roots) were examined. In order to analyze the data using Minitab software version 16 was used. Analysis of variance was performed using analysis of one way ANOVA. Compare averages with Tukey test at significance level was 5%.
The mean comparison can be received by increasing the alkalinity of 8/5 treatments, Amount parameters of soluble sugars (leaves, stems and roots), Nitrogen (leaves, stems and roots), bicarbonate (leaves) and relative water content (leaves and stems) Increase and in third and fourth treatments reduced, While the bicarbonate (stems and roots), relative water content (root), fresh weight of the plant (stem) With increasing alkalinity Has increased first treatment and the trend of decline. In general it can be stated that the plant Nitraria schoberi in soils with alkalinity 9, and grows well in arid and semiarid areas of the plant can be be used to resuscitation vegetation cover.

To study the effect of time of application of complete micro(micro-nutrient) fertilizer on mungbean with yield and yield components, an experiment was counducted under drought stress in north Khuzestan(Dezful)as split plots arranged an Randomized Complete Block Designs(RCBD) with three replicates in 2012. Experimental factors were drough stress in three leves(120, 180 and 240 mm evaporation) as the main-plot factors, and foliar time in four levels(non-foliar, foliar in vegetative phase, foliar in flowering phase, foliar in poding phase)as sub-plot. Results showed that the grain yield, yield components such as number of pods per unit of area, number grain per pod, grain thousand weight and biological yield and harvest index under drought stress treatments, foliar application time and were their interaction. Micro-nutrient foliar increased grain yield in all treatment under drough stress, so that the highest grain yield was for the stress 120mm evaporation and foliar in vegetative amount 2304 kg/ha and lowest grain yield the stress 240mm evaporation and non-foliar amount 521 kg/ha.

In order to determine the effects of nitroxin fertilizer under limited irrigation a split-plot factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design was conducted at Damghan in cropping year 2012-2013. The treatments included three irrigation levels {control (full irrigation), irrigation cessation at start of flowering and completion of flowering} in main plots, and application of Nitroxin fertilizer, with () and without (-). and the three forage millet cultivars (Bastan, Pishahang, and Isfahan( in sub plots. Results indicated that the highest forage protein contents belonged to the cultivars Isfahan (24.31%) and Pishahang (24.19%) cultivars, the largest ash content (8.22%) to Bastan, and the highest chlorophyll a contents (1.34 mg/g fresh weight) (Party leaf) to the treatment of interactions between three factors. Moreover, the highest chlorophyll b contents (1.10 mg/g fresh weight) was observed in control treatment (full irrigation) of the Bastan cultivar without fertilizer application, and the highest total chlorophyll contents (2,44 mg/g fresh weight) in control treatment of cultivar Bastan without fertilizer application, and also the highest wet forage (88.43 t/h) is obtained in control treatment and bastan cultivar. The millet plant tolerated high levels of irrigation cessation, and Nitroxin was effective in increasing yield. Considering the very rapid growth of millet, and because of the great demand as a forage, we recommend Bastan cultivar plantation in the damghan region.

In order to investigate the effect of magnetized water on drought tolerance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) Partow cultivar, a pot experiment was done in Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Branch, Islamic Azad University at 2013. This experiment was conducted in factorial at the basis of completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor consisted of two irrigation levels including irrigation after 50 and 100 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan as control and drought stress conditions, respectively. The second factor consisted of two types of water including tap water and magnetized water. Results showed that drought decreased chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, relative water content, leaf area and net photosynthetic rate; nevertheless irrigation with magnetized water reduced drought damages via improving all of these traits. In irrigation with tap water, the higher and lower net photosynthetic rat were 8.70 and 5.60 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 under normal and drought conditions, respectively. Nonetheless, in irrigation with magnetized water, the higher and lower net photosynthetic rat were 10 and 6.29 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 under normal and drought conditions, respectively. Therefore, after supplementary field studies and observing magnetized water effect on yield and yield components and economical computing, this treatment, as simple, safe and practical method can use for improvement drought tolerance of mung bean.

Some authors distinguished that N. schoberi often used as ruminant feeding systems or used as drought reserve to fill annual feed shortages within grazing systems. Environmental stresses such as drought stress affect plants photosynthetic apparatus directly or indirectly. Several studies on chlorophyll a fluorescence yields base demonstrated that photosystem II (PSII) is highly drought resistance under water stress but photosynthetic, electron transport through PS II is inhibited. Several investigations have shown that the chlorophyll level decreases with aggravated drought stress. Drought stress treatments were prepared on base of soil water potential at field capacity (FC). The treatments were divided into five levels: T1 (FC = 100%), T2 (FC = 80%), T3 (FC = 60%), T4 (FC = 40%) and T5 (FC = 20%). In this study, photosynthetic apparatus of N. schobery, was damaged to a certain extent, as observed from leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as F0, Fm, Fv, qP and NPQ. A considerable decrease in pigment (Chl. a, Chl. b and carotenoids) content was observed at T4 and continued to T5. Thus, an important conclusion can be drawn from the results achieved through this study. Niter bush is considered to be a drought tolerant species. Our results indicate its ability to maintain high physiological activities when subjected to relatively high levels of drought.

Salinity affects plant growth by decreasing the water and nutrients uptakes and disturbing the nutritional balance of plants. To investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Zinc (Zn) uptake and some of growth indices of Corn (Zea Mays L.) at different soil salinity levels, a factorial experiment as completely randomized design with 3 replications was conducted in greenhouse of Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. Factors included three salinity levels (0 (S1), 15(S1) and 30 (S2) Meq salt kg-1 soil) and microbial inoculation (without inoculation (C), Glumus Intradices (F), Pesudomonas bacteria (B) and fungi bacteria (BF)). The results showed that dry matter of shoot and root, root colonization percentage, stem diameter, plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll index were significantly reduced by increasing of salinity levels from S0 to S2. Using all microbial treatments resulted in increasing of all the above mentioned growth indices at all salinity levels significantly. Generally, the use of fungi and fungi-bacterial treatments in enhancement of growth indices of plant were higher than bacterial treatment alone. Zn concentration in shoot and root was increased by increasing of salinity levels while Zn uptakes were significantly decreased. Also, Zn concentration and uptakes in shoot and root were significantly increased by application of all microbial treatments compared to control and the higher increase was related to fungi-bacterial treatment and the lowest increase observed in bacterial treatment.

In order to evaluate nutrient uptake and yield of ajowan at saline conditions and application of inorganic and organic fertilizer an experiment was conducted as factorial randomized design with tree replications at Zabol University research greenhouse at 2011. Treatments included irrigation salinity at three levels: 1 (as control), 8 and 13 dS.m-1 and four fertilization systems including application of NPK at 80:40:30 kg ha-1, 40 ton of manure ha-1, NPK at 40:20:15 kg ha-1 plus 20 ton of manure ha-1 and no soil fertility. Results showed that the increase of dissolved salts decreases the uptake and concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the seed, however, had no significant effect on calcium concentration in plants. The reduced nutrient uptake in plants decreased 1000 seed weight, seed and essential oil yield and protein content. Although in severe stress conditions essential oil content increased by 12 percent compared to the control. As well as, results reveled that different fertilization systems significantly increased all measured traits except calcium concentration. Combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer was more effective from sole application, and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer increased seed yield by 11 percent compared with the control. Therefore it could be combined organic and inorganic fertilizer for improvement of ajowan cultivation.

Salinity is the one of the most important factors that limited growth and yield of crops. This study was developed to evaluate effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on seed germination, seedling growth and hypocotyl culture of rapeseed (Canola) genotypes at different levels of salinity. The research was arranged as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Genotypes at three levels, salinity at four levels and three levels of ABA were tested in this experiment. In a separate experiment hypocotyl explants were cultured in MS medium complimented with 2 mg lit-1 BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) and 1 mg lit-1 NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid), under salinity and ABA treatments that mentioned in germination test. In separate consideration of ABA and salinity effects, both treatments were inhibited seed germination, seedling growth, callus induction and calli growth in all genotypes. The significant interactions between two factors indicated that genotypes had different responses to salinity in different concentrations of ABA. Most of germination traits that evaluated under different levels of ABA and salt stress differences were significant at 1% probability level. So that seeds had higher germination rate in 10 µmol/L ABA than 5µmol/L ABA in saline environments. In low levels of salinity (60, 120 mmol/L), callus induction and calli growth were performed more efficient using 5µmol/L ABA in comparison with no ABA treatment (at 1% probability level).

Dendrostellera lessertii )Thymelaeaceae family) is one of the herb and medicinal plants with anti-cancer agents. In this study, active substance of roots, stems and leaves of D. lessertii was determined and assayed. Allelopathic effects of some concentration of alcoholic extract of D. lessertii were evaluated on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and mungbean(Vigna radiata L.). The treatments were include organs (leaves, root and stem), concentrations (0, 50 anf 100 mgml-1) and seeds (barley and mungbean). All experiments occurred in laboratories of Saveh University and in completely random blocks design.The present of effective compounds include dense tannins; hydrolyzed tannins and alkaloids identified using TLC analysis and the color reaction with Dragendorff and Ferro chloride reagents. The results showed all organs of D. lessertii are rich of phenols, tannins and alkaloids but in roots and leaves had the highest contents. Phenolic compounds of D. lessertii were very high and hydrolyzed tannins were more than dense tannins. To compare with other plants, alkaloids of D. lessertii organs were the high but phenols and hydrolyzed tannins were low. The results showed D. lessertii alcoholic extract reduce seedlings growth and 66% and 33% seeds germination of barely and mungbean sequentially. Alcoholic extract have allelopathic effects on seeds germination and seedlings growth of barley and mungbean but on barley was more inhibited.

Brazmbl, a perennial herbs, belonged to Lamiaceae family had wide applications in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. To evaluate phosphate and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yields and essential oil of Brazmbl (Perovskia abrotanoides), a factorial experiment arranged as randomized complete blocks design with three replicates was conducted in 1391 in Taft, Iran. Treatments were phosphate fertilizers at four levels( control, 100, 150, 200 kg ha-1 ) as triple super phosphate and four nitrogen fertilizer levels( control, 400, 300, 200 kg ha-1 ) as urea. Results showed that the highest vegetative yield (1770.78 Kg ha-1) and essential oil (17.65 Kg ha-1) were achieved by using 300 and 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen and phosphate, respectively. Application of 400 kg N ha-1 and 200 kg P ha-1 produced the highest leaf dry matter, floret branches and sub-branches. In addition, the proper fertilizer treatment for the highest vegetative yield and essential of brazmble was application of 300 Kg N ha-1 and 200 kg P ha-1.

This experiment was conducted at Research Station in khoramabad at 2009-2010.The treatment were mycorrhiza inoculation(inoculated and non inoculated), phosphate biofertilizer (inoculated and non inoculated) and Vermicompost (0,6 and 12 ton/ha ). The experiment design was factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with four replication .Results showed that the highest seed yield (2497 kg/ha.),plant height (62.7 cm),number of primery branches (3.8),number of nodes per main stem(23.8),leaf area (915.9),seed protein percent(22.2%) were obtained with mycorrhiza inoculums. Phosphate biofertilizer showed significant effects on seed yield and seed protein percent. Also, vermicompost showed significant effects on seed yield ,plant height , number of primery branches, number of nodes per main stem and leaf area .The highest seed yield (2373.7 kg/ha ) seed protein percent (22.8%)were obtained with application of 12 ton /ha vermicompost. Thus it can be stated that the use of bio-fertilizers to improve grain quality, increase performance and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pea environmentally very useful.

In order to investigate the effects of increasing soluble phosphorus on seed production and phosphorus use efficiency of black seed (Nigella sativa L.) in a calcareous soil, a greenhouse experiment with three replications was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2013. A complete randomized design was used based on factorial arrangement. The fertilizer resources (control, vermi compost, sulfur, vermicompost sulfur, vermicompost Thiobacilus bacteria, sulfur Thiobacilus bacteria and vermicompost sulfur Thiobacilus bacteria) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 30 and 60 kg.ha-1) were the first and second experimental factors, respectively. Sulfur Thiobacilus bacteria and vermicompost sulfur Thiobacilus bacteria significantly decreased soil pH (by 0.85 and 0.80) and increased EC and available phosphorus of soil (more than 2.5 times), respectively. in condition of no phosphorus application, sulfur or sulfur Thiobacilus bacteria had significantly effects on increasing the soil available phosphorus. Vermicompost sulfur Thiobacilus bacteria had the highest total plant dry weight and seed weight per plant. However, the lowest phosphorus uptake efficiency (15.31%) was observed in control treatment. In a calcareous soil, sulfur application individually or in combination with vermicompost treatment can be suitable approach in decreasing the problems caused by applying of chemical phosphorus fertilizers.

Ethylene in plant tissue culture produces and accumulates under in vitro condition. It causes negative effects on growth of plants. Silver ion is known as an inhibitor of ethylene action under in vitro condition. In this study the effect of silver nanoparticle (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/L) was evaluated on canola under in vitro growth medium. After 28 days, the effects of silver nanoparticle were studied on growth, and content of photosynthetic pigments and proline in roots and shoots. The percentage of seed germination was decreased 40% at 2 mg/L of nanosilver concentration in comparison with the control. The nanosilver had significant effect on root height while decreased shoot height at all concentrations in comparison with the control. The enhancement of shoot weight, root weight and carotenoid content was 47, 73 and 76 percent under 1.5 mg/L of nanosilver treatment. The total chlorophyll and flavonoid content did not show any significant changes. Treatment of the plants with nanosilver decreased significantly anthocyanin pigment and some elements content in 1 and 1.5 mg/L of nanosilver in shoots. The proline content of shoot was decreased in all nanosilver treatments whereas did not show significant different in roots. In this study, it seems that nanosilver at 1.5 mg/L concentration was the best treatment as an ethylene inhibitor because of its positive effect on oxidative stress decrease and shoots weight increase in canola plant.

To evaluate the morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of soybean genotypes, an experiment in randomized complete block design with 3 replications were conducted in Parsabade Moghan in 2011-12. Genotypes were evaluated in this experiment Apollo, Zane, L.17, Williams, INA, Hsus-H116, Spry, Ks4895, Stress land, Rend, L.77-2061, Omaha, L.75-6141, Darby, NE3399, L.93-3312 and L.83-570. Plant height, distance between the first split, number of branches, number of pods, pod weight, seed weight, number of seed, thousand seed weight, grain yield, protein content and yield were evaluated. The results showed had significant differences in plant height, number of branches, pods and seeds per plant, pod weight, 1000 seed weight, grain and protein yield. Among genotypes, Darby had the highest number of branches per plant 6.55, number of pods per plant 119.89, weight of pods per plant 17.19 g, 1000 seed weight 29.49 g, number of seeds per plant 246.06, grain yield 72.5 kg ha-1 and protein yield 3316 kg ha-1. The highest protein percentage (50.75) were observed at L.75-6141 and maximum distance from the first branching (15.70 cm) per Ks4895 genotype. The Williams and Zane 16 genotypes also were has highest average plant height (103.33 cm) and seed weight (166.57 g). Cluster analysis of soybean genotypes classified into three groups, Group I, II and III, were in their place, 8, 5 and 4 respectively genotypes, in this between, second group (including Darby, Williams, Hsus-H116, Apollo, L.93-3312 genotypes) had a mean yield and quality traits than the other two groups.

In order to estimate the extinction coefficient, radiation use efficiency and dry matter distribution coefficients of rapeseed plant (Hyola 401), at different planting dates and plant density a field experiment carried out in research station of Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University of Khouzestan in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design whit four replications in the 2011-2012. Treatments were three sowing dates (November 29 th, December 19 th and January 8 th) and four plant densities (50, 70, 90 and 110 plants per square meter). The extinction coefficient for canola in this trial was 0.39. Radiation use efficiency of canola growing on different dates obtained 0.92 g /MJ photosynthetically active radiation. the maximum dry matter production between treatment combinations showed significant differences (P

Today, investigation on the environmental impacts of different cultural systems and determining the optimum cultivation patterns are the noteworthy topics in agricultural sector. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess and compare the environmental impacts of peanut) Arachis hypogaea L.( and peanut with bean )Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercrop farming systems using the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique. Primary data were obtained through interviews with 136 farmers in Kiashahr region of Guilan province, Iran. Global warming, acidification, terrestrial eutrophication, land use, depletion of fossil resources, depletion of phosphate and potash resources were seven groups involved in this study. The results showed that the NH3 emission had the greatest impact in terms of the acidification and eutrophication in both peanut cultivation systems. The environmental index (EcoX) values of the peanut sole cropping and intercropping with bean were determined as 0.68 and 0.42, respectively. Resource depletion index (RDI) also were calculated as 3.61 and 2.69, for sole and intercropping systems, respectively. Depletion of fossil fuels and terrestrial eutrophication had the greatest environmental impacts in terms of categories and depletion of resources in both cultivation systems. Overall, the environmental impacts of peanut-bean intercropping were less than the peanut sole cropping system in all seven impact categories.

In order to study the effects of planting date and plant density on morphological characteristics, quality as well as yield of strawberry, a split plot experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Hashtgerd, Alborz Province, during 2013-2014. Main plots were three planting dates of February 20, March 11 and April 9 and sub-plots included three inter-row spacing of 20, 30 and 40 cm. The results indicated that planting date of March 11, as the best date, had the highest fruit yield by about 148.67 gr/plant which was above 30% increase of yield compared with April 9 . Moreover, the highest amount of vitamin C, anthocyanin, TSS, TA, TSS/TA and firmness were achieved in this time. As regards planting space, space increases from 20 to 40 cm increased yield by almost 25%. In general, the results showed that in Hashtgerd climate condition, the best planting date and space for strawberry, among experimented values, were March 11th and 40 cm respectively.

The aim of this research was to study its habitat and to define main ecological factors that limit its distribution objective of this study was to examine Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. habitat and to determine affecting ecological factors on its distribution in Kohgiluyeh region. Vector base topographic map of the area was acquired and interred into GIS program. Height, slope and aspect maps were generated by creating DEM image. Land use, land evaluation, evaporation, temperature and precipitation maps of the area were seemingly created. 12 random transects (six in present and six in previous habitats) of Kelussia were laid out. 440 quadrats with the size of two by two meters were systematically plotted along transects. Canopy cover percentage and the number of Kelussia along with total canopy cover of other accompanying species were estimated in each quaderats. 12 soil samples were gathered in two sites to define, soil parameters including organic carbon, texture and soil depth. The associated pixel values of each plot were extracted and added to prepare spread sheet of field data base. Non parametric regression analysis was performed to determine association between biophysical parameters of Kelussia and environmental parameters. Analysis of variance was performed to see if there exists any difference between present and previous sites of Kelussia in terms of their environmental parameters. Results show that there is no significant difference between environmental parameters of present and previous sites of Kelussia. Its seems that factors excepts ecological and biological, such as human factors is impact on Kelussia.