نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 23 (زمستان 1394)

In order to evaluate the accumulation of dry matter and soluble sugars and their remobilization to the growing grains of wheat cultivars under terminal drought stress, a field experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2009-2010 in Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Water regime (includes: complete irrigation (control) and withholding irrigation from starting grain-filling stage till maturity) and wheat genotype (includes: Marvdasht and Pishtaz cultivars and DN-11 and 336 lines) were placed in main and sub-plots, respectively. Under control and drought stress treatments, DN-11 line and Marvdasht cultivar had the highest and the lowest grain yield. Drought stress significantly increased dry mater and soluble sugars remobilization of peduncle and penultimate internode in all genotypes and in 336 and DN-11 lines respectively. 336 and DN-11 lines significantly had higher capacity of stem reserves for remobilization from stem to the growing grains than Marvdasht cultivar (sensitive to drought stress). Among studied internodes, lower internodes in addition to having higher potential for accumulation of photosynthetic material also had higher remobilization rate than penultimate and the peduncle internodes. The evidence from this study suggests that DN-11 line with lower grain loss under terminal drought stress then had the highest drought stress resistance.

Most producing countries chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), including Iran, are located in arid and semi-arid environments and terminal drought, drought stress in during pod formation and grain filling of the most important factors limiting the yield of the plant is considered. In order to examine the effect of the time of beginning terminal drought of chickpea, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with four replication was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Treatments consisted of two planting dates (5 Jan and 16 Feb 2004) and the time of beginning of terminal drought (at flowering and 10 and 20 days after flowering and a well-watered treatment (control). Occurrence of terminal drought at flowering and 10 and 20 days later reduced water use by 36, 24 and 15%, respectively, and dry matter production by 31, 23 and 10%, respectively. In the first sowing date, beginning terminal drought at flowering and 10 and 20 days later resulted in 79, 71 and 7% reduction in grain yield, respectively. In the second sowing date, the reductions were 57, 57 and 42%, respectively. So, optimal sowing date and supplementary irrigation at reproductive stages could be a great management option to decrease the negative aspects terminal drought stress.

In order to study the effect of zeolite super absorbent and manganese, on morpho-physiological traits of rapeseed cultivars in different irrigation treatment, an experiment was performed during two years of 2012-13 and 2013-14, as factorial split plot design on the base of completely randomized block design with three replicates in research farm of Shahryar. Irrigation factor was included three levels, irrigation on the base of 40, 60 and 80 % discharge of irrigation, zeolite factor was included two levels of zero and 15 (ton/ha), manganese factor (manganese sulfate) was included two levels of 0 and 3(g/1000), as factorial were set in the main plots and cultivar factor in four levels including SLM046, Talayeh, Modena and Opera were set in subsidiary plots. Results indicated that applying zeolite in the soil and foliar manganese and increasing the irrigation of the soil, lead to increase the grain yield (6324 kg.ha-1) and seed oil contect (46.5 %). Maximum amount of seed yield in normal irrigation was achieved by application of zeolite in the soil and foliar manganese. Applying manganese and zeolite decreases the amount of seed glucosinolate in different irrigation treatments. Maximum amount of the seed glucosinolate was achieved in normal irrigation condition (16.5 mg/g) by Opera cultivar. With the respect to the low yield in arid and semiarid areas , it is recommended that due to increasing the yield, mineral zeolite in the soil and foliar manganese in different cultivars be used in order to increasing efficiency of the irrigation and yield.

To study the effect of waterlogging stress on dry matter accumulation, leaf area, number and nodule diameter nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar DPX. Experiment was done at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Gorgan. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in factorial with two factors. Factors included nutritional levels at three levels: (1 - inoculated with bacteria Japonicum bradyrhizobium 2 - non-inoculated plus nitrogen fertilizer (150 kg/ha urea) 3 - non-inoculated without nitrogen fertilizer) . The second factor was flooding stress periods (0, 5, 10 and 15 days). Flooding of soybean plants was in the reproductive growth stage (R2). The results showed duration flooding leaf surface and leaf dry weight were reduced by an average of 55% compared to control and root dry weight and root volume were increased by an average of 10 percent.Inoculation with bacteria form nodules were observed without fertilizer. With increasing duration of flooding stress nodes per plant, nodule diameter and nodule dry weight decreased. The nutritional levels of nitrogen fertilizer plus the non-inoculated into minimal impact from the flooding stress was . and nutritional parameters measured at the surface of the drop was less than control flooding stress have the greatest impact on nutritional levels had non-inoculated without fertilizerThe results indicate that it is desirable if soybean be fed by nitrogen fertilizer losses from the flooding will see fewer And the results showed a significant reduction of saturated nitrogen fixing nodules on soybean is .

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment on morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical ON wheat seedling under salt stress conditions. In this regards a greenhouse experimentation carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications and three levels of salinity (0, 80 and 120 mM NaCl), and four levels of hydrogen peroxide ( 0, 25 , 50 , 80 mM). Hydrogen peroxide caused an increase of Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in wheat seedling under salinity condition. This increase was associated with reducing the damage of free radicals in produced wheat. Under salinity stress pre-treated wheat with hydrogen peroxide had higher chlorophyll and relative water content. Also Hydrogen peroxide reduced the negative effect of salinity on water, height and root dry weight of wheat seedling. There was no significant effect of hydrogen peroxide on ionic leakage. Overall seed priming with hydrogen peroxide improves the physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat and increase its resistance to salt stress conditions.

Due to the limited freshwater, farmers have to use exotic water, such as saline water. The aim of the present study is to propose an effective way of how to use saline water for irrigation of forage sorghum in order to save more freshwater in Sistan region To do this, an experiment was performed as a randomized complete block design with six treatments and three replications in experiment field of Zabol University within 2013 spring. Treatments included: control treatment (100 % freshwater), treated with two-thirds of salty, one-half of salty, one-third of salty, 90% salty and 100% salty water. The investigated cropping indices were dry weight of stem, leaf and aerial organs of plant, plant height and leaf area index. The results indicated that one-third treatment was not significantly (p

In order to study the effects of canopy temperature during reproductive growth stages on physiological characteristics and Soybean grain yield through different planting dates and plant densities, an experiment was conducted as split factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in Karaj and Moghan areas in 2011-2012. The factors included three planting dates, May 5th, June 5th and July 5th, three plant densities, 300, 400 and 500 thousand p/ha and two cultivars, Williams and L17. Results showed that the net photosynthesis in Karaj (16.14 µmol Co2 m-2s-1) was lower than Moghan area (19.13 µmol Co2 m-2s-1). The maximum stomatal conductance (330.6 mmol m-2 s-1) and net photosynthesis (19.13 µmol Co2 m-2s-1) were related to planting date at June 5th. The highest stomatal conductance (325 mmol m-2 s-1) was observed in 400000 p/ha. The leaf chlorophyll index at 300 and 400 thousand p/ha in Moghan region was more than Karaj. The second planting date and second plant density had the maximum rate of grain yield (3142 and 3154 kg/ha respectively). Except chlorophyll index, there was no significant difference in other traits between cultivars and the highest chlorophyll index was related to Williams cv. in Karaj area. According to the results and in order to prevention of encountering the pod set and grain filling stages with high canopy temperature, it is better that soybean planted in mid of June with 400000 p/ha.

In current study, the effect of planting method and density was examined on yield, yield components as well as seed oil percentage of rapeseed (Hyola401) at three tillage systems in rice-field at Amol, Mazandaran during 2011-12. The treatments consisted of tillage systems at three levels: no-tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage as main factor, planting method at two levels: hand-sowing and row planter as sub factor and seeding density at three levels: 6, 9 and 12 kg ha-1 as sub-sub factor. The results showed that in all treatments the highest seed yield was obtained by applying minimum tillage method; so that grain yield at minimum tillage was greater by 20.8% and 96.4% compared to conventional and no tillage systems, respectively. The seeding methods (hand-sowing and row planter) had no significant effect on seed yield. The mean squares of oil seed percentage and 1000 seed weight in any of applied treatment were no significant suggesting the stability of these traits in relation to applied treatments. Overall, use of 9 kg ha-1 seed, especially by row planter under conservation systems was necessary for achieving the best result.

This experiment was conducted to assay the effect of plant density and nitrogen fertilization on growth and yield of cumin during growing season 2012 at field experimental of Nasra conservatory in Golge Rokh Torbat Heydarei. The experiment was done as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications; which factors included four levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and three levels of plant density (50, 67 and 100 plant/m2). The results variance analysis showed that the effect of nitrogen fertilization and planting density had significant effect on yield and yield components of cumin. The highest plant height and seed per plant were obtained from 67 plant/m2 with 50 kg/ha N treatment. While the highest number of primary shoot, number of umbel and 1000 seed weight were obtained from 50 plant/m2 with 50 kg/ha N treatment and the highest seed yield was obtained from 50 plant/m2 with 0 kg/ha N fertilizer. In conclusion, plant density of 50 plant/m2 and application of lower amount (50 kg/ha) or without N fertilizer is sutiable for the maximum of growth and seed yield of cumin.

In order to evaluate the dual purpose barley cultivation, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) at Agricultural Research Station of Gorgan, Iran. Three levels of nitrogen N; N1=35, N2=70 and N3=105 kg.ha-1 as main-plots and three cutting times C; C0=no-cutting, C1=first and C2=second harvest as sub-plots were studied with four replications. When forage harvested in 31 Zadox stage, generally less grain were produced than forage harvesting in 31 Zadox stage, were considerably reduced grain yield, as using more nitrogen could not recover postponement in harvesting for forage. According to the results generally, highest amount of forage and grain yield were obtained when 105 kg.ha-1 nitrogen applied in the 31 zadox stage. It could be suggested that, harvesting in the first node stage and application of 105 kg.ha-1 nitrogen should be considered for obtaining highest yield of forage and grain of barely in Gorgan region.

In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost and nano Iron Fertilizer on maximizing yield of grain corn (Zea mays L.) a farm experiment was conducted in a factorial based on completely randomized blocks design in three repetitions in 2013, in Damavand. The first factor of vermicompost in two levels including control and applying vermicompost (5 t.ha-1) and the second factor of nano fertilizer of iron levels including control, applying of fertilizer as seed covered, foliar application and seed covered and foliar application. The result showed that except the number of row per silk ,all traits significantly affected by applying Vermicompost and iron nano fertilizer. Means comparison showed that traits such as height of stem, the number of row per silk, the number of seed per row, seed1000 weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index significantly increased by applying vermicompost and iron nano-fertilizer. Interaction effects of vermicompost and iron nano fertilizer were significant for stem height, yield. Meaning comparisons showed that application of vermicompost caused to reach the best result for investigated traits with iron nano fertilizer as seed covered and foliar application.

The Effect of different levels of nitrogen (control, 50 and 100 kg/ha) and phosphorus (control, 50 and 100 kg/ha) on the growth and production of wild rye species studied. Nitrogen Application of 100 kg/ha height, number of leaves, tiller, stem and leaf dry weight, 30/7, 63/4, 103, 82, 131, and 33.3 percent increased respectively. In this study, the height, number of leaves and tillers, stem dry weight and leaf dry weight by 20 kg of nitrogen fertilizer significant increase in stem dry weight caused. crop height, leaf number, tiller number, leaf dry weight and shoot dry weight of wild rye by application of 40 kg/ha phosphorus additive, 13/1, 25/3, 38/4, 29/7 and 47/6 percent , respectively increased. Leaf Area index treated with 112 percent increase in the application of 40 kg P ha and 100 kg N ha respectively. Maximum biomass per unit of 430 gr/m2 by application 20 and 40 kg/ha phosphorus with 100 kg/ha nitrogen was obtained.

to evaluate the different levels of silicon with the selective of wheat herbicides on control of wild oat, yield and yield components of wheat, was conducted a factorial experiment base on completed block randomized design with three replications in the city Eghlid in crop year 1393.The first factor consisted of seven treatments herbicide application topic , Puma super, Atlantiha, Aperous, Suffix , weedy and weed control, and the second factor has two levels of silicon (application and non-application). The results of dry weight wild oats showed that in terms of silicon utilization increased and were significantly different than the non-application of silicon. The height of dry weight wild oats was related to topic and pumasuper herbicides that in control wild oats weren’t succeeded. Herbicides Atlantis and Suffix herbicides had the height control of wild oats. The results of yield and components yield also showed that the use of silicon in herbicides Topic and Puma super were lead to reduction characteristics. In the case of herbicides Atlantis and Pumasuper in terms of the non-application of silica reduction yield and components yields were observed due to phytotoxicity the effects of herbicides on wheat plants. Silicon is used in treatments of herbicides Aperous and atlantis grain yield were significantly increased. The results showed that the silicon leads to reduce the phytotoxicity of herbicides aperous and Atlantis in weather condition Eghlid.

The objective of this study was to obtain relationships between plant leaf area (cm2plant-1) with main stem leaf number, leaf dry weight (g plant-1), stem dry weight (g plant-1), vegetative dry weight (g plant-1) and plant height (cm) in vicia faba. An experimental design was conducted in the field at Agricultural Science Research Farm of the Gonbad University in 2011-2012. Experimental design was a factorial arrangement of treatments based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were combinations of two sowing dates and four plant densities. Sowing dates were 28 November 2011 and 15 December 2011. Plant densities were 8, 12, 16 and 20 plants m-2. Sample the beginning of pod formation stage, when it stops producing leaves work was done. At each sampling leaf area, main stem leaf number, leaf dry weight, vegetative dry weight and plant heights were measured. A power equation (y= axb ) was used to describe the relationship between leaf area and the mentioned characteristics. The results showed because of not significant between treatments can use from one power equation with R2≥0.98 for description of relationship among leaf area with other trait.

To find a quick and reliable method to estimate leaf area in safflower cv 'Local Esfahan', a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design was conducted with four replicates and two factors included sowing date (5 and 25 April and 18 May) and plant density (15, 40, 65 and 90 pl/m-2). In the present study, leaf area was estimated through leaf number on main stem, node number on main stem, leaf dry weight and stem dry weight by the different regression models. Based on RMSE (root mean squares of error) and R2 (determinant coefficient) estimated for studied models, leaf dry weight was the best independent variable to estimate the leaf area. The relationship between leaf area and leaf dry weight described by a linear model. The values of RMSE varied between 24.39 and 61.35 for different densities and the values of R2 was higher than 0.96. This indicates that model could predict leaf area by leaf dry weight. It was found no significant difference between the slopes of linear model fitted on leaf area data against leaf dry weight. Therefore, a general model was fitted on these data using all densities and the values of the a and b coefficients were estimated as 9.7 and 108.7, respectively.

Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) is a medicinal plant that is relative adaptation to salinity. This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized factorial design with three salt irrigation treatments including 0 (control), 3, 6 dS/m NaCl and four magnetic water levels (Zero, 3000, 6000 and 10000 Gauses) with three replications in green house. Seeds were sown into round plastic pots. 120 days after planting, growth, dry weight and sodium and potassium concentration were measured. Analysis of variance showed that salt and magnetic stress had significant effects on morphological parameters and potassium concentration. Salinity (non-magnetic) reduced plant height and increased dry weight. The use of water magnetization increased growth parameters and amount of potassium. Salinity decreased plant height and increased fresh and dry weight of leaves. Statistical comparison showed that with increasing salinity, reduced amount of potassium but there was no significant difference in amount of sodium. Although, the levels of magnetic field had different effect on potassium absorption. But, generally, the field of 6000 gauss showed better performance than all of treatments.

One of the fundamental pillars in sustainable agriculture is use of bio-fertilizers in agro-ecosystems in order to eliminate or reduce the use of chemical inputs. The experimental design was a split plot with four irrigation regimes: irrigation at 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 100% FC (as control) comprising the main treatments, and four biological fertilizers including nitroxin, super nitroplas and biophosphor and non-fertilizer (as control) as the sub -treatments that were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted in 2013 at the Zabol University research farm in Zabol, south Iran. Nitroxin treated plants had the highest leaf relative water content, plant height, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight and followed by nitroplas and biophosphor. Plants irrigated at 80 % FC had the higher plant height, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight. While the greatest relative water content was achieved at irrigation at 100 % of FC (control). The experimental results suggested that application of nitroxin along with irrigation at 80 % FC could be useful in drought conditions.

Rhubarb (Rheum ribes L.) is a herbaceous and perennial plant that grows naturally in some regions of Iran. R. ribes is the only species of this genus that grows in Yazd province. In this research, habitat characteristics such as climate, soil properties and geographical situation (region slope, height and region area), plant phenology and levels of iron and copper in plant organs have been determined. To determine the characteristics of the soil, 6 profiles in habitat and 3 profiles out of habitat from different depths were sampled. The phenological stages were recorded fortnightly. Soil properties data on the t-test design and data obtained from copper and iron in plant organs were analyzed in completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that soil pH and soil texture affects the rhubarb growth, so that the plant in a loamy sand soil with pH=6.7 grows. The amount of iron and copper in habitat soil and outside it doesn’t differ significantly. Phenological studies showed that germination and plant growth phase takes place in mid-March and continues until the end of April. In early May the reproductive phase starts and late May to mid-June, Plant seeds ripe fully and begin to fall. Accordingly to these survey results, where the soil is light, non-saline with acidic reaction, 106 mm rainfall and average temperature is 14.5° C will be introduced as a R. ribes habitat.

Zinnia flowers have many usages in landscaping but because of the recent drought the quality and quantity of the flowers have reduced. So, the aim of the current research is to evaluate the effects of different mulches and irrigation intervals on some of the vegetative and reproductive features of the plant (Zinnia Elegans). This experiment was accomplished in the factorial basis and in the form of random block plan in three replications. Factors include three levels of irrigation (3, 5, and 7 days) and four types of mulches (Dark polyethylene, transparent polyethylene, woodchips and mulch less). The thickest diameter of Zinnia related to the usage of woodchips and 3-day irrigation. Using the same mulch and different irrigation (5-day) was not considerably different. The highest Zinnia was seen when the woodchips and 3-day irrigation applied. The lowest height was in the absence of mulches and 5/7-day irrigation. The branches increased mostly when woodchips and 3-day irrigation applied. The usage of polyethylene and 3-day irrigation was not considerably different. The heaviest dry/wet root related to the usage of woodchips and 3-day irrigation. The dry and wet weight of the root reduced considerably in the absence of mulches and 5/7-day irrigation. The heaviest dry and wet shoot flowers using 3-day irrigation was more than other treatments. The most leaf was seen when the woodchips or transparent polyethylene were applied with the 3-day irrigation. The chlorophyll content increased mostly when woodchips was applied with the 7-day irrigation.

Today, grass is widely used in landscape. So, it is important to understand the various environmental stresses such as salinity. Thus an investigation was performed as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The studied factors included four type of lawn, namely: Poa pratensis, Cynodon dactylon, Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra with different levels of sodium chloride (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent equal to 0, 6.25, 12.5, 18.75 and 25 dS/m). The results showed that all plant growth indices (shoot fresh and dry weight. stem height, tiller number and root length and weight) were decreased by increasing salt concentration. In this case, plants had the lowest growth at 2% salinity. Salinity had minimal effect up to 0.5 % and in most cases, there was no significant difference compared with the control plants. But from 1% of salinity and above all indices were affected by salinity stress and were significantly decreased compared with 0%. In most cases, Poa and Lolium growth parameters were not significant and almost had the same growth. In all cases Cynodon had the highest growth parameters. In addition, it significantly differed from three other genera. Furthermore, the findings of this study showed that Cynodon had greater growth parameters rate than the other three lawns in all salinity levels.

Iron deficiencies mostly appears as chlorosis in young leaves as one of the most important nutritional disorders is citrus trees and severely affect yield and quality of their crop. Suitable selection of iron composition is one of important solution ways for prevent of this nutritional question. For this purpose experiment to investigate the effect of iron composition type including of FeEDTA, FeEDDHA and two type of iron oxide nanoparticles uncoated and coated with polyethylene glycol for prevention iron chlorosis in sour orange (Citrus aurantium) rootstock on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without iron in completely randomized design with five replicates was followed. The sour orange seeds were cultivated on MS medium with different iron composition .At the end of experimental period (2 months) vegetative characteristics (root, shoot and seedling length, number and leave area), seedling, root and shoot dry and fresh weights, the amount of chlorophyll a, b and total, Leaf iron concentration and chlorosis percentage, were measured. The results indicated that MS culture medium with uncoated nanoparticles of iron oxide had highest significant effect at

In order to study salt tolerance of 38 genotypes derived from gamma ray irradiation on 033 soybean cultivar (M2 generation), seeds of selected M1 genotypes were sown under greenhouse condition with 3 levels of sodium chloride (30, 60 and 90 mM) in sandy culture as a factorial experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2008. After 60 days from imposing salinity treatment, the traits of stem length, root length, root node number, plant fresh weight, dry weight of aerial part of plant, root dry weight and plant biomass were recorded. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences between salinity treatments, genotypes and their interaction. Moreover, results showed significant differences in morphological traits. The observations showed the most extensive variation range was belonging to 320 Gy dose of gamma ray. In this study, 13 genotypes were selected and they were tolerant to all salinity levels compare to control. These promising genotypes can be used as new germplasms to obtain new salt tolerant or resistant varieties in near future.