فصلنامه فلسفه دین
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 29، زمستان 1394)

The appearance of religious Phenomena namely "The Synods" in the history of Christianity ,have been frequently in order to opposition to innovations and creation of relative unity in the young statue of Christian society. Especially that the Christian primal centuries experiments various assortment of nations and according to it, assortment of attitudes and communicators and religious and sub religious sects. Research and analyze of the bases and the causes of shape the first synod in Christian history – namely “The Council of Nicaea” – contemplates as the greatest modes and segments of the Christian history and theology. The Council of Nicaea both intendant to resolve of the basis debates in Christian believes and developments the ground of genesis of afterward mutations. Although in order to protection of religious and political unity of The East Rome Caesarean in fourth century, opine about ideas of Arius (256-336) and predication of innovatory of his ideas was only one of the purposes of The Council of Nicaea, but yet it was also the greatest, as after publication of the Declaration of Athanasius and clear attachment of council against Arius .The Arianism movement as important occurrence in Christian history effect on it. In this paper, whilst we analysis the ideas of Arius especially his ideas about the essence of Trinity¢s second person, also will research concerning of reaction of other sects in that age especially formality viewpoint of the East Orthodox Church and ingeminate it¢s peripheral circumestances.

The dual nature of human existence, and having both physical and spiritual affairs have been accepted by religious scholars and divine philosophers . Most philosophers, especially Muslim philosophers, despite the disagreement on the way of soul creation have agreed About the soul creation itself and lack of its precedence over body .at least we can prove this idea with two arguments from Ebnesina in particular in SHIFA. Molla sadra has brought different arguments in favor of this idea. He accepted some of them and rejected others critics and likely questions. No doubt on the other hand, many evidences prove soul creation before body. This article takes care about the idea of coincidence of soul creation and body on which most Muslim philosophers agree. The author with regard for evaluation of philosopher's arguments who believe the thought and for criticism of their argument shows that the conflict between intellect and appearance of quotation is just a clammed conflict.

In this article the rationality of faith in Plantinga's three major works is studied – the three works in which the author, while responding to the critiques, presents his viewpoints. In this contribution, Plantinga's line of argumentation in these books is sought and then, having explained his views, they are being analyzed. Hence, first his analogical argument is criticized and then it will be discussed that there is incoherence in his critiques of the evidentialism and foundationalism. It will be mentioned also, in the end, that his idea that the belief in God needs no evidence is a kind of fideism.

This research is a new attempt in order to study the effect of evolution theory in the dimension of empirical ethics. In the contemporary area the evolutionary ethics is in the three branches: descriptive, prescriptive and meta-ethics. The descriptive evolutionary ethics tries to modify human’s ethical believes in the evolutionary aspect and achieves more share from two others part in this ground. Despite the descriptive evolutionary ethics, the prescriptive evolutionary ethics and meta-ethics deal with normative ethics.
In this article, with the study of the three branches of evolutionary ethics and the separation of empirical ethics of ethics in the normative sense, we believe that despite accepting the biological effects on ethics, there are serious challenges to descriptive evolutionary ethics and it seems that this theory beside potential competitor theories, such as the independent moral thinking could survive. However, this theory is very seriously in conflict with the principles of religious morality.

Attenuation being one of the definitive teachings of the Quran in many verses are addressed.Verse "breath of Alamut taste" of Quranic gharar component in explaining the doctrine of faith and merit citations and references at the end of the Quran. A detailed explanation of the doctrine requires a response to at least four the nature¡ scope¡ and the process of death¡ based on the verse and the statement it is homogeneous. Outcome study showed that the two sects interpretations of the doctrine of the commentators¡ there is no single reading.The reason for this difference in interpretation of the impact of the default of the philosophical¡ anthropological¡ and literary interpretation of Scripture comes their way.I mentioned in response to questions¡ knowing the nature of death and destruction approach sees fit.AL-nafs In verse dont contains God' and man is just. It's just human body is death.Quran is silent about the death process.

The function of religion, is an effect and developments that religion plays in human society. Religion has two important functions in the individual domain. First: Increase knowledge, Ibn Sina believes that only the prophets can come without training as a capacitor of facts. Second: soothing, Ibn sina belives that correct ideas are the agent of health.The most important social function of religion in the territory of the state is making law. Avicenna knows that religion is necessary for operation, legislation and solidity of society. Another function of religion is the alliance of society also. Ibn sina sancts what led to weakening the base of society. From the perspective of thinkers, some of the functions of religion are proprietary and do not have any replacing choice in science, philosophy and mysticism.

Perhaps, “unity” and “truth” can be regarded as the most controversial topics in the area of theology, philosophy and theoretical mysticism. Meanwhile, there are lots of views and differences of opinion between theologians, philosophers and mystics to which many literatures are dedicated. Theologians and Peripatetic philosophers have voted separation (Beynoonat) of Creator and Creature; Eastern visionaries believe in some kinds of unity including multiplicity. By following Fahlavyoon and mystics, the founder of “Transcendental Wisdom” (Hekmat e Motalie) propounded the Tshkiki unity and then a kind of hypostatic unity of beings (vahdat e shakhsi), respectively. Mystics also regard the hypostatic unity of beings as the most accurate vote. One of the contemporary thinkers, Professor Mohammad TaqiJafari, has also discussed this subject anywhere in his books, and apparently is in opposition to the hypostatic unity of being. In this article, we bring up and review his points of view as well as recognize his prospective on the "relationship between Creator and creature". We concluded that Professor Jafari's views have to be considered in two aspects. He cash the "Unity of Being" by pantheism looking in first position, while in the second perspective view of his scientific life accept the Personal unity of being.

Regarding Sadr-ol-Moteallehin philosophical method, various opinions have been proposed from Sadra researchers, each of which monitors a part of Sadra’s philosophical method or it has paved a way which is different from Sadra’s method and transcendent theosophy orators expositions and it is sometimes converse. His four methodological principles, i.e. purposeful combination of three mystical resources of theosophy, Quran and the argument in one direction, using the above mystical sources in judgment and collection position, systematic and pluralistic using of predecessor thinkers opinions and the systematic using of three foundations: the nation’s opinion, the unity of skepticism existence and personal unity of the existence have been analyzed in this script by analyzing Sadra attitudes toward different mystical resources and investigating different aspects of Sadra dealing with philosophical issues.