مجله دانشکده دندان پزشکی اصفهان
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 54، بهار 1395)

Given the high prevalence of maxillary sinus lesions and the importance of their early diagnosis and role of radiography in the diagnosis, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between the incidence of incidental maxillary sinus findings on panoramic radiographs and odontogenicpathoses in patients referring to the Radiology Department of Isfahan Faculty of Dentistry.
In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 183 panoramic radiographs of patients referring to the Oral and Maxillofacial Department of Isfahan Faculty of Dentistry were selected, using simple sampling technique. Two radiologists simultaneously evaluated radiographs under a similar condition. Prevalence of maxillary sinus lesions and odontogenic lesions on two sides of the maxilla was evaluated and recorded in a special form. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Fisher’s exact test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and independent t-test (α=0.05).
In 366 sinuses evaluated, there were 60 (16.4%) incidental findings with dental origin and 7 (1.9%) non-incidental findings with non-dental origins; the remaining sinuses were normal. All the non-dental pathoses were mucous retention cysts. Mucous membrane thickening and transportation of the floor of the sinus were the most frequent accidental findings. The most frequent dental reasons were periapical granuloma, horizontal bone loss and severe caries.
There was a poor direct relationship between incidental sinus findings and odontogenicpathoses.

Musculoskeletal pain is very common in dental profession. Prevention of such pains requires assessment and correction of working conditions and body postures using job analysis methods of ergonomics.
In this cross-sectional study the working postures of 100 senior undergraduate and postgraduate students in Isfahan Dental School were evaluated using the REBA method by the researcher directly observing the students for 10 minutes and recording the data. In addition, the environmental ergonomic factors were assessed. Data were reported as percentages of relative frequencies and means. Data were analyzed with SPSS using chi-squared test (α= 0.05).
The results showed that 60% of the subjects had a score of 3 (a REBA score of 4‒7), i.e. at a moderate level of risk (requiring immediate intervention) and 40% had a score of 4 (a REBA score of 8‒10), i.e. at a high level of risk (requiring very immediate intervention).The type of treatment the students were engaged in affected their ergonomic risk level; students engaged in filing were at a high risk level. There were significant differences in REBA scores between males and females. In this context, 41% of female and 19% of male students had a score of 2 (the score indicating corrective measures) and 29% of female and 11% of male students had a score of 3 (p value Considering the moderate and high risk levels of the subjects, dental students need ergonomic intervention to correct their work postures.

There is limited research available on neo-angiogenesis in dysplastic lesions. Since CD105 is expressed as a marker for neo-angiogenesis, this study was undertaken to compare CD105 expression between normal and dysplastic oral mucosa.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 20 paraffin blocks were selected from dysplastic oral lesions of patients, based on histopathological criteria, during past 10 years in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology of School of Dentistry, using simple sampling techniques. In addition, 20 samples were taken from the normal mucosa of patients referring for implant surgery or wisdom tooth surgery after informed consent. The samples were stained immunohisto-chemically for CD105 marker and evaluated by two pathologists simultaneously under a light microscope at ×400. The mean of stained areas was calculated as mean vessel density in each sample. Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney test (α=0.05).
Means of CD105 marker expression in the dysplastic and normal groups were 7.58±6.19 and 0±0, respectively, with significant differences between the two groups (p value Considering the absence of CD105 marker in normal mucosa and significant expression of it in the dysplastic group, it can be concluded that dysplasia is accompanied by neo-angiogenesis and CD105 marker can be a good marker for detecting dysplastic changes.

Different dental procedures such as impression taking and radiography techniques result in gag reflex which is one of the most common challenges for dentists and a source of dissatisfaction for patients. Therefore it is necessary to solve such a problem. Studies to decrease the severity of this reflex have been ineffective, time-consuming or invasive so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tannic acid patch on reducing gag reflex.
In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 88 dental students were selected from dental students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences using simple sampling technique. Gag reflex intensity was evaluated by a tongue depressor and recorded. In each gag reflex intensity, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups; 44 subjects received mucoadhesive patch A and 44 received mucoadhesive patch B. Then the subjects placed the patches on their hard palate and after 20 minutes, their gag reflex intensity was evaluated again and recorded. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests (α=0.05).
Wilcoxon test showed significant differences in gag reflex intensity before and after using tannic acid mucoadhesive patch (p value Tannic acid patch is effective in reducing the intensity of gag reflex.

HER2/neu is a protooncogene and its overexpression is associated with many malignancies, including oral cancers. It seems that confirmation or refutation of this association needs further studies. This study investigated a possible connection between HER2/neu overexpression and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed in this descriptive-analytical study to detect HER2/neu expression in normal oral mucosa (NL, n=18), oral precancerous lesions of epithelial dysplasia (ED, n=7) and OSCC (n= 12) within 8 months. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher’s tests (α=0.05).
The three groups were matched in terms of their participants’ age and sex (p value The findings of the present work suggested no significant association between HER2/neu expression and OSCC.

Elastomeric modules are used to hold archwires within orthodontic brackets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of commonly used sterilization methods on strength of elastomeric modules because it is necessary to sterilize elastomeric modules.
In the present in vitro study, grey elastomeric modules with the same inner and outer diameters from three manufactories (American Orthodontics, Orthoorganizer and Orthotechnology) were evaluated in three groups (n=10). In group 1 (control group) no sterilization procedure was carried out; the specimens in group 2 were sterilized by autoclave (121 °C, 15 pounds of PSI, 15 minutes); and the specimens in group 3 were sterilized by %2 glutaraldehyde (25°C, 3 hours). Then the tensile strength of the specimens was measured using Zwick testing machine. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Duncan test at a significance level of α=0.05.
The samples in group 3 exhibited the highest tensile strength (Orthoorganizer:1625.088 g, American Orthodontics: 2319.957 g and Orthotechnology: 1828.061 g), while the samples in group 2 had lower tensile strength (Orthoorgonizer: 1479.718 g, American Orthodontics: 2081.352 g and Orthotechnology: 1803.190 g); finally, the samples in the control group exhibited the least tensile strength (Orthoorganizer:1414.661 g, American Orthodontics: 1840.661 g and Orthotechnology: 1567.627 g).
Sterilization with autoclave and glutaraldehyde increased the tensile strength of elastomeric modules, with greater increase in tensile strength with the use of glutaraldehyde compared to autoclave.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of partial edentulism based on Kennedy classification among adults aged ≥20 years in Isfahan in 2012.
In this cross-sectional descriptive/analytical study, 608 adults (304 females and 304 males) were selected from subjects aged ≥20 years in Isfahan by a simple random sampling method based on age distribution (20‒29, 30‒39, 40‒49, 50‒59 and >60 years old) and geographical distribution of clinics. Age, educational level, oral hygiene, medical history and smoking habits were recorded by interview and gender and edentulism class were recorded by visual examination. Data were evaluated with one-way ANOVA. The results were reported as tables and diagrams (α=0.05).
Maxillary and mandibular partial edentulism affected 45% and 55% of the population, respectively. The prevalence rates of Class I, II, III, and IV of Kennedy classification were 17.6%, 33.4%, 48.7% and 0.3%, respectively.
Mandibular partial edentulism was more common than the maxillary cases. In both arches, the most and least prevalent partial edentulism forms were Kennedy Class III and IV, respectively.

Since awareness and also ability to control children’s behavior are fundamental factors in pedodontic dentistry, this study was undertaken to assess the level of awareness of general dentists in Isfahan about various behavior management methods in the dental office.
In this descriptive/cross-sectional study, 102 general dentists were selected using simple randomization method from the list of dental clinics in Isfahan without any knowledge about their experience to render treatment to pediatric patients; then they filled a questionnaire whose validity and reliability had already been confirmed. The questions on the questionnaire were in 4-item multiple-choice format in relation to dentists’ awareness about the current techniques applied in behavior management in dental offices. Data were statistically analyzed with SPSS, using independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients (α=0.05).
The average score of the general dentists’ awareness of various methods of behavior management was 52.9 (out of 100) and only 9.8% of them had relatively proper awareness about behavior control techniques. In addition, there was no significant correlation between the dentists’ awareness and factors such as gender, age, experience and the level of interest in treating children (p value > 0.05).
General dentists’ awareness in Isfahan of behavior management methods of children was at a moderate level.

It is important to evaluate the orodental health status in preschool children. The aim of this study was to assess the orodental health status in preschool children in Fardis in Alborz Province.
This cross-sectional/descriptive study was carried out using direct observation and examination of 940 randomly selected preschool children in Fardis in Alborz Province; dmft index was studied in these children, including decayed, missing and filled teeth based on World Health Organization guidelines. Data were analyzed with t-test, ANOVA and correlation coefficient to evaluate the significance of relationships between dmft and children’s gender and parents’ educational level and employment (α = 0.05).
The mean dmft in the subjects was 5.33±3.82, with the mean numbers of decayed, filled and missing teeth in the children being 4.70±3.78, 1.24±0.50 and 0.47±0.13, respectively. There was a significant relationship between children’s dmft and fathers’ educational level (p value = 0.041) and mothers’ educational level (p value = 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the mothers’ employment status and children’s dmft (p value = 0.018). However, no significant relationship was found between gender and dmft index. The highest correlation coefficient was detected between fathers’ education and the number of filled teeth (0.188) (p value = 0.000).
Based on the results of this study, higher educational levels in the family contribute to improving the oral health of children. Decreasing the high levels of dmft in children requires careful planning and proper intervention. Educating the family and improving health knowledge should be considered as the most important issue for oral health promotion in preschool children.

A limited number of studies have evaluated factors influencing the retention of fixed prostheses cemented to implant abutments. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of varying degrees of screw access channel obturation on retention of implant-supported cast fixed restorations.
In this experimental study, 40 implant abutments with a diameter of 4.5 mm were connected to implant analogues and mounted in acrylic resin blocks. The samples were divided into four groups randomly. In groups 1, 2 and 3, the access channels were obturated with a 1-mm, 2-mm and 3-mm free space and in group 4 the access channels were obturated completely with silicone material and the copings were cemented with a temporary bonding agent containing eugenol. After thermocycling, the retention of the samples was evaluated in a universal testing machine under 5000 N at a strain rate of 5 mm/min. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD test (α = 0.05).
The mean retention for the group with abutment access channel completely obturated was less than that in others. One-way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between the groups (p value = 0.032). The difference between the group with completely obturated access channels and the other groups was significant (p value 0.05).
The retention of castings cemented to implant abutments might be influenced by the obturation mode of screw access channel. Complete obturation of access channel with poly vinyl siloxane results in a decrease in retention.

A large number of software programs have been used in dentistry for diagnosis and treatment planning to date. However, due to promotion of programming languages and developments in dental sciences, it is necessary to develop and update these softwares. Use of softwares for treatment planning for removable partial dentures has been popular for some time and always new softwares have been introduced to solve the problems of previous softwares. The aim of this project was to develop, optimize and update a software program for treatment planning with an easy and user-friendly appearance to solve the problems of previous softwares based on opinion polls.
In this applied study, carried out in 2014, the basic principles of designing removable partial based on the latest edition of McCracken's Removable Partial Prosthodontics textbook (2011) as a reference as well as the opinions of prosthodontics professors of Medical Sciences Universities in Iran and an algorithm was prepared to achieve the best treatment plan. The software program was produced using Basic programming language in Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 environment. For assessment of the software, 40 cases of the most common partial edentulous cases were tested with the software and the results were compared with the reference textbook and the opinion of the university professors.
Of 40 cases tested by the software, 36 treatment plans conformed to the principles suggested by the reference textbook and the opinions of university professors.
Based on the results of this study, the accuracy of 90% of the treatment plans were confirmed, indicating the efficacy of this software. However, the remaining 10% show the need for optimizing the software in future, which can be implemented by revising the software to achieve higher efficacy.

Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a benign odontogenic lesion with aggressive behavior and high recurrent rate. In some rare cases, multiple KCOT is associated with syndromic and/or non-syndromic basal cell nevus.
Case Report: The aim of the study was the clinico-pathological evaluation and comparison of two Iranian patients with syndromic and non-syndromic multiple KCOT.
The syndromic multiple KCOT has a more aggressive behavior than single and non-syndromic types. Multiple KCOT might be the first sign of basal cell syndrome that is detected by a dentist. Evaluation of English papers showed that non-syndromic and syndromic types were the second and 20th case reports in the literature in the Iranian population, respectively.