نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار 1395)

Entrepreneurship in the rural texture is combined with new employment opportunities in rural areas and creating new risky jobs and it does contain varsity and diversity. Because of domination of the agriculture in most of the rural areas, the major emphasis is on the agricultural entrepreneurship, since development of the rural entrepreneurship, is considered as an ability to aid diversification of the villager's income and their amount of agricultural and non-agricultural production, moreover it provides proper opportunities to reduce the risk of livelihood and increase of sustainable food security in rural areas. In this regard, agricultural tourism provides, farm-oriented tourism experience for visitors who are looking for traditional rural hospitality and access to nature, surfing and cultural experiences, and On the other hand, helps farmers to maintain dynamism and persistence of farming and diversify their economy. Investigations have shown that farming tourism can help the development of rural entrepreneurship in different ways. Accordingly this reviewing-analytical study has been done with the aim of presenting a conceptual model of agricultural tourism effect on rural entrepreneurship. The obtained results showed that agricultural tourism which includes four dimensions of village, farmer, farm, and the tourist, will effect on rural entrepreneurship through economic, social-cultural, and environmental effects. The obtained results can be used by the policy makers and the planners of agricultural, entrepreneurship, and also tourism sectors.

One of the ways which can facilitate women's access to factors of production and increase income, and in addition to facilitate their participation in collective activities related to the development, is providing the possibility of creating a special women's cooperative with their own management that also provides possiblity of entrepreneurship,s development in society. The aim of this study is to identify strategies and areas of employment and forming women's cooperative in Boushehr province in the form of cooperatives in production and services, Reviews problemes of women,s presence in cooperatives. The study population included two group women members of cooperatives that at least 70% of members are women (4881) and the managers and experts of related organizations with cooperative activities in Bushehr. By using the Cochran formula A sample of 390 women members of cooperatives were determined and The sample size for administrators and experts, was set 130. Activity of women cooperatives Were classified in 20 Major. Issues and problems of women in cooperatives, are including family problems, cultural, social, administrative problems, financial problems and economical. From the perspective of women, restrictive regulations and administrative bureaucracy hinders their participation in cooperative activities. But from managers, perspective, Unfamiliarity with the community especially women corporate culture prevented women's participation.From managers, perspective, family problems, cultural and social are important and from the perspective of women members of the cooperative administrative problems in the cooperatives are important.

Dramatic and wide developments are occurring daily in all areas of social life, and even values and culture of communities have led to recognition of entrepreneurship as an effective strategy for economic development and sustainable job creation. In this regard, we discuss the need to develop a new generation of entrepreneurs who are able to recognize and take advantage of green business opportunities. In developing countries, investment in green jobs and education of green entrepreneurship and business can be considered as a great help in order to create sustainable employment. But on the way of green entrepreneurship in the country in general, and in the agricultural sector specifically, there are obstacles. The purpose of the present article, An investigation on barriers and challenges of Green Entrepreneurship Development in the Agricultural Sector, That may be encountered. For the purpose of the study, secondary data was used. An extensive literature review was conducted on topics relevant to the research. The results of this study suggest that economic barriers, Infrastructure barriers, promotional and Educational barriers, Technical and Management barriers and supportive barriers in the agricultural sector are key obstacles to the development of green entrepreneurship. In the end, some recommendations for removing barriers to the development of green entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector are presented.

Higher education development has a great importance as one of the developmental infrastructures in every country. Therefore, development of agricultural higher education can play a vital role in agricultural development as well as it guarantees both integrated and sustainable agricultural growth. The importance of agricultural sector in both Iran's economic and social development brings about a more consideration and shift of the universities and agricultural higher education centers to sustainable entrepreneurship in order to improve the agricultural businesses. Sustainable entrepreneurship tries to ease access to developmental aims through concentration on available resources and conservation for the future generation. Agricultural higher education system and its development play a very important role in capacity building, culture building, and promotion of both entrepreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurship. This study has done through a library research method with an aim of reviewing on agricultural higher education development and the role of sustainable entrepreneurship. Therefore, the paper has first searched the role of higher education on development, sustainable entrepreneurship and its concepts, and then linked agricultural higher education to the sustainable entrepreneurship. Eventually, by reviewing on agricultural higher education challenges some solutions have been presented for integrating sustainable entrepreneurship into agricultural higher education.

The purpose of this feasibility study was to determine potential of establishing agricultural entrepreneurial cooperative using SWOT analysis. The population comprised of entrepreneurs and specialist in the field of agriculture (N=28). Data was collected using interview and structured questionnaire. The content analysis of data revealed that opportunities for establishing agricultural entrepreneurial cooperatives are: “the existence of annual entrepreneurship exhibitions and fairs”, “using low interest loans”, and “a high rate of job seekers in agriculture”. The threats included: “lack of effective management in related offices”, “Beurocracy in agricultural production market”, and “weak national policies related to producers, entrepreneurs, and entrepreneurship”. The strength included: “entrepreneurs’ demand for marketing”, “distribution, and exports of agricultural production, promoting safe food by entrepreneurs”, and “diversity of entrepreneurial activities in agriculture”. Finally, weaknesses included: “lack of cooperation from management panel in the cooperative”, “lack of monitoring by responsible parties”, and “negative attitude of entrepreneurs towards cooperatives”. The best strategy recommended for cooperative formation lies in conservative area (WO). This means that although there are weaknesses, there are appropriate opportunities in establishing entrepreneurial cooperatives.

Annually more than 700 research projects are conducted by Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Organization (AREEO) researchers in the area of plant productions. However, there is no factual information about the effective and practical use and implementation of their findings. The present research aims to assess the number of research projects whose findings have been utilized in practice, as viewed by the project managers. To achieve this goal, questionnaires were sent to a sample of 365 research project managers from a pool of 7754 projects completed during 2001-2011. The response rate to the questionnaires was 50% (185). The findings of this study show that the results of only one third of research projects were used in practice. About 87% of the respondents also believed that the projects had been defined and carried out according to a set of pre-determined organizational priorities. The study also indicates that the main reasons for the implementation of plan production research findings include necessity, applicability, and understandability of the findings for the target audience. Among the barriers for the implementation of research project findings are the lack of coordination between research and extension sectors, The AREEO’s inappropriate policy decisions and financial constraints.

Recognizing opportunities is an essential component in entrepreneurship and its process. In many definitions of entrepreneurship, it is significantly focused on opportunity recognition as an important step in entrepreneurship development. Also ability to find opportunities is one of the entrepreneur’s characteristics that entrepreneurship process may not be possible without that. Accordingly, much of entrepreneurship studies and literature devoted to this topic and opportunity recognition has become one of the threads engaging in entrepreneurship research. Agriculture and its sub sectors like livestock production is one of the economic sector that entrepreneurs paid less attention to it, during last decades, because of urban growth based on industrial production. On this basis and because of the long history of farming activities in the country, this research focused on entrepreneurship opportunities related to livestock production and services based on the capacities in Kermanshah province. Based on the survey findings through qualitative methodologies with 36 participants, Entrepreneurial opportunities in livestock sub sectors were classified into 18 categories like Fattening cattle, dairy cattle breeding, animal feed production, livestock production, organic livestock production, leather goods, silk worm breeding, production and sales of livestock and poultry, production of honey products. After that, based on participants’ point of view, best business opportunities in each category were found by considering capital, demand and market trends.