نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 24 (بهار 1395)

To investigate the relationship between agronomic characteristics with 18 spring wheat genotypes, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design indry land condition of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station in Khorramabad during 2011-2012. Fourteen traits including seed yield and their components and morphological characteristics were evaluated. Correlation analysis showed that biomass has the highest positive and significant correlation coefficient (r= 0.79**) with yield. And then straw yield, harvest index and spike r = 0.56*, r = 0.50* and r = 0.49* respectively. Based on stepwise regression spike, harvest index, weight and height of the main spike yield components and grain yield were greater share of justification. Path analysis showed that the number of spike per square meter, harvest index, spike weight and height were important factors in increasing yield. The highest positive direct effects on grain yield were also related to the number of spikes and spike weight. Factor analysis showed that four factors (yield, biological yield, straw yield and seed weight) and independent of the total 72% of total variance explained data. The first factor is the factor with the greatest variance function against three traits of effective biological yield, straw yield and grain weight on grain yield confirmed.

Restriction of humidity is one of the main factors limiting production in arid and semiarid regions. To evaluate the effects of water deficit on chlorophyll fluorescence, vegetative characteristics and grain yield of corn, an experiment was conducted a spilt plot plan in the form of a completely randomized block design in triplicate in Karaj in 2009 and 2010. The main plots consisted irrigation, including full irrigation (I1), 12.5 % (I2), 25 % (I3), 37.5 % (I4) and 50 % (I5) water deficit, and the subplot consisted corn hybrids including SC704, SC500 and SC301. In terms of fluorescence chlorophyll parameters, in the Leaf10 stage and tasseling stage, there was a meaningful difference among corn hybrids, while in other cases a meaningful difference was not observed. The leaf area index, plant height and grain yield decreased by decreasing the amount of water in water deficit treatments. However, decreasing water to 12.5 % did not have a meaningful effect on the grain yield. The lowest grain yield was related to I5 (with performance of 2497 kg/ha). Among hybrids, SC704 (with yield of 4592 kg/ha) accrued the highest grain yield to itself. At the same time as the intensification of deficit irrigation, the decrease in the level of photosynthesis that occurred through decrease of leaf area played a more important role compared to photosystem II efficiency in grain yield. Moreover, due to the scatted data of the quantum yield of photosystem II achieved, which are affected by the environmental conditions.

To determine the effect of irrigation regimes on some quantity and quality traits of three bread wheat cultivars in Isfahan, two one-year field experiments were carried out in a split plot layout arranged as randomized complete blocks design with four replicates in two consecutive growing seasons; 2012 - 2013 and 2013 - 2014. The main plots considered irrigation regimes (irrigation after 75, 95 and 115 mm cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan), and sub-plots considered three wheat cultivars (Sepahan, Ghods and Pishtazs).Results showed that irrigation after 75 and 95 mm cumulative evaporation did not differ significantly for morphological traits, yield and yield components. Delay in irrigation from 95 to 115 mm cumulative pan evaporation significantly reduced grain yield and its components and increased protein percent. Ghods and Pishtaz cultivars had the highest and the lowest number of grain per spike and the lowest and the highest thousand kernel weight and the lowest and the highest grain yield, respectively. It was concluded that by irrigation wheat after 95 mm cumulative pan evaporation, water could be saved by 22% with no significant loss in yield, while grain protein increased by 1.77 percent.

To study the effect of different irrigation methods and superabsorbent polymer on yield and water productivity of corn, a field experiment was carried out in factorial split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran, in 2013-2014 growing season. Deficit irrigation with three levels including irrigation with 100, 75 and 50 percent crop water requirement, furrow irrigation methods with two levels including fixed alternate furrow irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation that were located in the main plots and superabsorbent polymer with two levels including non-use superabsorbent polymer and used of superabsorbent (30kg/ha) that were located in the sub plots. The results showed that in condition of deficit irrigation for supply grain yield, we can use fixed alternate furrow irrigation method instead of the conventional furrow irrigation method. The highest water productivity for grain yield (2.06 kg.m-3) and biologic yield (4.71 kg.m-3) was achieved in condition of irrigation with 75% crop water requirement and fixed alternate furrow irrigation method. The use of superabsorbent in fixed alternate furrow irrigation method increased water productivity for grain yield and biologic yield (26.6 and 14.5 percent, respectively) as compared with non-use. In the context, application of fixed alternate furrow irrigation with 75% crop water requirement and superabsorbent increased significantly water productivity for corn yield.

Heat stress is the most important factor that reducing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productionin in arid and semi-arid regions.Therefore, selecting heat tolerance cultivar is more neccessary. To evaluate indicators of heat tolerance in wheat, twenty four bread wheat genotypes were planted at two locations; Gorgan and Gonbad Agricultural Research Stations in two planting date (6th December and 6th March ) based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replicaties in 2012-13. To evaluate heat stress on grain yield traits, some indices such as stress sensitivity index (SSI), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean production (GMP), mean production (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), yield stability index (YSI), yield index (YI) and preference index (PI) were used. Results showed that grain yield in late planting date reduced by 39.8% and 34.5% in Gorgan and Gonbad, respectively. Mean grain yield in Gorgan for normal and late planting date were 499.2 and 198.8 gm-2,respectively. These values for Gonbad were 391.4 and 135.0 gm-2, respectively. Regarding to the fact that MP and STI indices are able to identify high yielding genotypes under both normal and stress conditions. in genral, grain yield decreased by 10% for every 1°C increase mean of temperature from 20°C to 26.4°C. According to result of current study, genotype 21 can be recommended as a desired genotype in normal and stress conditions.

In order to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of salicylic and jasmonic acid on root dry weight, shoot dry weight, contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanin, soluble sugars, proline, and malondialdehyde, percentage and weight of flower extract of marigold plants under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with four replications at research greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Shahre-Rey Branch. The treatments were salinity at four levels With irrigation water including (0, 25, 50 and 75 mM) NaCl, Spraying salicylic acid in two levels (0, 0.7 mM) and, jasmonic acid in two levels (0, 100 µM). The results showed that the root dry weight, aerial dry weight, contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanin in the leaves and weight of flower extract were significantly decreased by increasing the severity of salinity. It was also found that the levels of soluble sugars, proline, malondialdehyde and flower extract percentage were significantly increased by increase in salinity levels. It was also observed that application of salicylic and jasmonic acid led to increase in root dry weight (72%), shoot dry weight (59%) and weight of flower extract (43%) that Somewhat reduce the negative effects of salinity.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria )PSB( on marjoram plant under salt stress condition, a greenhouse examination was done as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replication in 2013 in Qom salafchegan region. The first factor, salinity levels including control, 100 and 150 mM NaCl salt , the second factor in two level of non use and use of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae strains) and the third factor in two level of non use and the use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens strain) was. Results of variance analysis showed that the main effects of salinity, mycorrhiza and PSB was significant on studied traits (P

Salinity is one of the main ecological factors that threaten the stability in dry and semi-dry lands and specifically in the lands that evaporation and transpiration dominate rainfall. In order to study the effect of different salinity levels on sodium and potassium concentration, aerial yield and relative water content of two triticale ecotypes, an experiment was performed basis on a complete randomized design with two factors and three replications in research greenhouse of the Islamic Azad university of Damghan. The first factor consisted of different salinity levels (0, 3, 6, 9, 11, 14 ds/m) built-up with pure NaCl and the second factor was two triticale ecotypes (Esfahan and Varzaneh). The result showed that by increasing the salinity the aerial yield and relative water content significantly decreased at all three growth stages which were before flowering, start of pregnancy and seed fermentation. At all three growth stages, the salinity significantly increased the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in the leaves of plant. The effect of ecotype and the interaction effect of salinity and ecotype were also significant on content of potassium at all growth stages but the interaction effect of salinity and ecotype on the sodium content was significant only at seed fermentation stage. The concentration of potassium ions was higher in Esfahan ecotype in all growth stages in comparison with the other ecotype. Therefore, it can be concluded that Esfahan ecotype is more tolerant to salinity stress at all growth stages in comparison with Varzaneh ecotype.

In order to evaluate the joint effects of cold and light stresses on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), an experiment was done in a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replicates. Treatments were five levels of cold stress (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days) at 6±2 ᵒC and three light intensity levels of normal light, 50 and 10 % of normal light (240, 120 and 24 µm.m-2.s-1, respectively). Plants were kept in controlled conditions for 30 days then chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured. Results showed that Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo in response to cold stress changed in reduce trend and was described by a segmented model. Accordingly, these parameters increased linearly until twelfth day with a soft slope (0.0007 and 0.0149, respectively) and then decreased with a sharp slope (0.0074 and 0.1098, respectively). Also, Fm, Fv, Ft, Fm' only linearly respond to cold stress when stevia plant grown at 240 and 120 µm.m-2.s-1, while in 24 µm.m-2.s-1 the response of plant was fitted by a segmented model in which linearly decreased and then increased. Furthermore, Y(II) adversely affected by cold stress in all light intensity levels while Y(NPQ) and Y(NO) increased particularly in 240 µm.m-2.s-1. In conclusion, the results suggest that chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are sensitive to cold stress particularly when stevia plant exposed for a prolonged period of time and higher light intensity.

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage and planting methods on some soil properties, economic benefits, crop yield, and yield components in the irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) production. The research was performed in the form of a randomized complete block experimental design with five treatments and three replications in the permanent plots in Eghlid area for two years. Treatments were conventional tillage (moldboard plow, disk harrow, and land leveler) and seed broadcasting, direct planting by Sfoggia direct seeder, reduced tillage and planting with roto-seeder, direct planting by Jairan Sanaat direct seeder, and conventional tillage and planting with Machine Barzegar grain drill. Measured parameters were soil bulk density, soil organic carbon, fuel consumption, irrigated wheat (Alvand variety) yield, and yield components. Results showed that there was no significant difference (p

In order to study the influence of different levels of nitrogen and early and medium maturity cultivars on yield and yield components of sweet corn, an experiment was conducted in Yasouj region during summer 2011. The experiment was arranged in split plots based on randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. Main plot included four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150 Kg N ha-1) and sub plots included two early and medium maturity cultivars. Results showed that interaction of nitrogen and cultivar was significant on fresh ear yield. Application of 150 kg N ha-1 at medium maturity cultivar produced the highest fresh ear (1892 gr m-2) that was significant difference with other treatment. The treatment of 100 kg N ha-1 had the highest effect on grain yield (521.27 gr m-2) and medium maturity cultivar with of grain yield equals 498.57 gr m-2 was showed a higher yield than early cultivar. The highest thousand grain weight (141.99 gr) was obtained at 150 kg N ha-1 treatment. Also the highest fresh forage yield (2436.8 gr m-2) related to application of 150 kg N ha-1. Generally it seems that application of medium maturity cultivar and 150 kg N ha-1 due to maximum yield.

To investigate the effect of organic amendments and zinc on grain yield of rapeseed and wheat, nitrogen and zinc uptake of wheat in a rapeseed-wheat rotation, a two-year study was conducted at the Agricultural college of Darab, Shiraz University in 2012-2014.In the first year of the study, treatments consisted of nitrogen fertilizer, municipal waste compost, vermicompost, sheep manure, cattle manure, and control (no fertilizer) and zinc sulphate rates of 0, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 and two rapeseed cultivars (Sarigol and RGS). In the second year of the study, in the same pots as the last year two durum wheat cultivars (Behrang and Yavarus) were sown. Results showed that sheep manure increased rapeseed yield more than the other fertilizers. Also, grain yield of Yavarus was higher than that of Behrang. The greatest grain yield observed in sheep manure treatment (5.71 g pot-1). The residual effect of sheep manure on wheat yield was more than the other organic amendments. All organic amendments except vermicompost increased nitrogen content in wheat grain significantly compared to control and the highest amount of zinc in wheat grain obtained in sheep manure treatment (39 mg kg -1). Results showed that the different rapeseed and wheat cultivars showed various responses to organic amendments and chemical N fertilizers and the type of cultivars should be taken into account while recommending these fertilizers.

In order to the effect of integrated use of chemical and biological fertilizers on phosphorus use efficiency and some of agronomic characteristics in sunflower, this study was carried out in Markazi province in 2009. A factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Inoculation with Nitroxin (N0= Control, N1= Inoculation), Inoculation with Barvar-2 (B0= Control, B1= Inoculation) and Application of chemical manure combination of Nitrogen and Phosphorus (C0= N0 P0, C1= N50 P25 , C2= N100 P50 , C3= N150 P75 kg ha-1). Results indicated that the effect of nitroxin on number of grain per m-2, hectoliter weight and inoculation with Barvar-2 biological manure on number of grain per m-2 were significant. Chemical manure combination of nitrogen and phosphorus on charecteritics such as: stem height, number of effective leaf, number of grain per m-2, biological yield, productivity index of plant, hectoliter weight and phosphorus use efficiency was significant, too. Among the different levels of combination application of chemical manure, that (50 kg ha-1 nitrogen 25 kg ha-1 phosphorus) with average of phosphorus use efficiency (51.32 %) and (150 kg ha-1 nitrogen 75 kg ha-1 phosphorus) treatment, with average of phosphorus use efficiency (21.01 %) were significantly superior to the other treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that with increasing amounts of chemical fertilizers through leaching and waste to reduced fertilizer use efficiency

In order to evaluation the effect of biofertilizers Vermicompost and Phosphate Barvar-2® on quantitative charactrestics and yield of green Basil (Ocimum basilicm L.) in Gachsaran region, a factorial experiment based on randomized block design with three replications was conducted in 2014. The first factor was including Phosphate Barvar-2® in four levels (0, 50, 75 and 100 g/ha) and second factor was different ratios of vermicompost and soil (0-100, 25-75, 50-50, 75–25 and100–0). Traits such as height plant, fresh and dry weight of shoots, chlorophyll index (SPAD), number of leafs and concentration of potassium and nitrogen were measured. Results showed that interaction of vermicompost and Phosphate Barvar-2® have significant effect (p

In order to study the effects of vermicompost and seprator fertilizer on yield of wheat, an experiment was conducted at Safiabad Agricultural Research Center and Fadak Agricultural Research Station with T-Test design and 6 treatments during 2013- 2014. The experiment included 6 treatments (5 tonha-1 seprator chemical fertilizer, 8 tonha-1 vermicompost, 3 tonha-1 vermicompost chemical fertilizer, 7 tonha-1 vermicompost chemical fertilizer, 3.5 tonha-1 vermicompost 3.5 tonha-1 seprator chemical fertilizer and Control (chemical fertilizer)). Results of the first experiment (Effect of vermicompost and seprator fertilizer on yield of wheat in Safiabad Agricultural Research Center) showed that any treatment were not significant difference with control treatment regarding to grain yield, although the third and the fifth treatments (4.71 and 4.78 ton. ha-1, respectively) had the highest grain yield. In this experiment, control treatment was the best treatment and it can be advised to the farmers. The results of second experiment (Effect of vermicompost and seprator fertilizer on yield of wheat in Fadak Agricultural Research Station) showed that the third treatment had significant difference at 1% probability level regarding to grain yield with control treatment and so it can be the best treatment (19.8% increase of yield than control).

To evaluate the effect of iron foliar feeding of micronutrient on yield and yield components of chickpea, a factorial experiment with two factors in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted (crop season, 2012-2013). Factors were Azad, Hashem, ILC482 line as cultivar and iron chelated fertilizer foliar application(one, two and three part per thousand). The results of the study showed that the effect of iron fertilizer × cultivar on Plant height, pod length, number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed yield was significantly(p≤.05) and the characteristics of unfilled pods, seed weight and biological yield of peas had no significantly(p≤.05). The highest number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant and biological yield was obtained from combination ILC482 line in three per thousands foliar fertilizer iron nano chelate. ILC482 line Produced The highest grain yield (1296 and 1238 kg/ he-1) was obtained when both 2 and 3 part per thousand iron micronutrient was used, the interaction of. Due to lower production costs and environmental considerations, it is recomneded to apply two part per thousands of iron nano chelated foliar fertilizer (manufactured by issuing Ahrar East) ILC482 line to achieve reasonable yield for rainfed conditions in the region and other region with similar climates.

According to importance of plant spacing and its effect on seed and oil yield and absence of adequate study to introduce the best spacing of sesame, especially in germplasm of Iran, an experiment was carried out to determine the effect of plant density and spacing on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) as split plot arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Field Research Center of Islamic Azad University of Ardestan. Treatments were row spacing (30, 50 and 60 cm) as main plots and intrarow spacing (5 and 10 cm) and genotypes (Ardestan and Darab 14) as subplots. Simple effect of row spacing, intra row spacing and genotype and interaction between genotype and row spacing and interaction between row spacing and intrarow spacing were significant on all traits. In addition, the interaction of genotype, row spacing and intrarow spacing were significant on all traits, except seed oil contents. Interaction between genotype and intrarow spacing was significant on number of pods per plant, number of unfilled pods per plant and 1000-seed weight. Generally, increased plant density increased two important yield components (seed and oil yields). Row spacing of 10 (intrarow) × 30 (row space) and 60×15 had the highest and lowest seed and oil yields, respectively. Ardestan had the highest yield in all row spacing. Therefore, it recommends that Ardestan would be studied in different sites and conditions and done genetic purity of Ardestan and introduced proper cultivar with high yields.

In orde to study the ecological and phytochemical indices of some plant species of Labiateae in Khorasan provinces (Southern Khorasan, Northern Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan), 122 plant samples from 31 species belong to 15 genus were collected from 2000 - 2003. Ecological information including elevation, percentage of slope, slope direction, soil type, coverage percentage, canopy diameter, plant hight, dominat species and companion species for each plant sampel were recorded. Studied phytochemical indices were included of essence percentage, presence or absence of substances such as alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, thannin, cyanogenic glycosides that were determined in 54 plant sampels. Results revealed that distribution of plant species in elevations of below 1000, 1000 - 2000 and above 2000 m, were 18.9%, 64.9% and 16.2%, respectively. The habitat soil type of more studied species was rocky (57%) and more of them were recorded in slope between 30-50% (54%) and in northe slopes. Percentage of essence in studied samples was 0.01-2.5%. Phytochemical experiments showed that the percentage of species containing alkaloied, flavonoid, saponin, thannin and sianogenic glycosides were 13.7%, 90.2%, 33.3%, 78.4% and 1.9%, respectively. Overall, results showed that the distribution of the labiateae family is influenced by ecological factors. Thus, by providing favorable conditions for the growth of these species can be prevented from their genetic erosion.

To calculate the threshold spring, daily and hourly temperatures during the day and in different years was calculated for each station. In order to determine the best method of interpolation, regression models, inverse distance weighting, kriging and co-kriging were evaluated. The data analysis and zoning of each layer was performed using SPSS 10.2 ARC GIS. The Results showed suitable planting date for southern part of the Khorasan Razavi Province, in Bardaskan, and in the western part of Sabzevar in this province were determined to be from 27 September to 7 October. This planting date was also recommended for the southern, eastern, and western parts of the South Khorasan Province; and suitable harvesting date for the southern parts of these provinces was from 5 May to 5 June. Because of their temperature limitations, these regions have shorter growing seasons compared to the central areas; nevertheless, they enjoy a larger number of days that are suitable for crop growth, and a greater number of growing degree-days, compared to the central areas. Zoning results showed sugar beet vernalization took place in many of the studied regions, while most regions in the southwestern part of the South Khorasan Province did not receive the total growing degree-days for vernalization and sugar beet plants were not vernalized. In these areas autumn sugar beet cultivation could be recommended only for resistant varieties to bolting.

Agroclimatology is among the methods having been in use in the last three decades for areas that have similar climate properties. By adhering to an awareness of climate properties, we will be able to not only manage agricultural affairs properly but also to reduce the farmers’ concerns in croping with climate change. This paper deals with soil structure arrangements in tomato planting in Hormozgan province, Iran. According to topographical and soil maps, more than 74 percent of the province consists of mountain areas with scant shallow soil or otherwise low quality soil for agriculture. The rest (i.e. nearly 26 percent) in the province has the potential for various products. At the first stage, the areas having the potential for agriculture were identified by eliminating unsuitable areas. At the next stage, agroclimatology for planting tomato in suitable areas was carried out according to the following elements: The product’s needs including climate, water quality, and suitable soil. It was done with the aid of climate data, statistics in meteorology, descriptive-explanatory reports, topographical maps with the scale of 1:2350000, and Ilwis and ArcGIS software. With combining different maps, suitable areas for planting the product were indentified. It was also revealed that among the areas used for agriculture, 78.5 percent (20.41 percent of the whole province) are suited and highly suited to tomato agriculture. However, 21.5 percent are not suited to planting tomato.