نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، تابستان 1395)

Entrepreneurship is known as one of the most significant alternatives to attain rural development. Regarding the great significance of agricultural sector and its dominance over most of other rural areas, the politicians and planners insist on entrepreneurship in agricultural sector in order to solve the problems of villages. Agricultural sector as one of the most important parts of the country's economy has a high potential to employ the largest number of the unemployed people. Unfortunately despite of the existence of the potentials, the rate of unemployment in agricultural sector has been raised due to the lack of adequate attention to it. We can perhaps say that an attention to agricultural sector can be an appropriate alternative to resolve this problem, but entrepreneurial activities face a lot of obstacles and problems. Accordingly the present paper, which is based on descriptive and library research, attempts to make an effective step forward in the survey of the barriers to entrepreneurship development in agricultural sector and its executive strategies. The studies showed that the barriers of entrepreneurship development in this sector are impediments of policy and planning, economy, culture, patronage, education and informing, and infrastructures. In this regard, two main strategies are suggested to reduce and eliminate these barriers. Also, for reducing or eliminating these obstacles, some solutions in infrastructural, educational, material and immaterial infrastructures have been suggested.

Entrepreneurship requires recognition in the three domains. 1) Individual entrepreneur characteristics, 2) Entrepreneur activity environment, and 3) How to devise the business that the entrepreneur wants to start. Without a doubt, one of the fields of cognition is market and marketing. Marketing process contains the vast expanse of before the production until after taking. Knowing this long process will help influence of that. One of the barriers to entrepreneurship is the lack of proper information. Extension in conventional concept and "marketing extension" as intervention tool in marketing can be source of information and appropriate function for farmers and entrepreneurs. The present article, with the aim of pay attention to the marketing category and integrating marketing extension with entrepreneurship as prerequisite for the success of the entrepreneurs, is looking for functions that marketing extension can play role in marketing process in order to help entrepreneurs. The results of browsing resources and surveying opinions of experts showed that marketing extension including these functions: supplying of information, conducting market research, knowing the market, delivering the products to the market, etc. can help producer or agricultural entrepreneur.

The purpose of this research was to study the experiences of Bu-Ali Sina University agricultural students about entrepreneurship. The type of the current study was a qualitative research which has been conducted by an in-depth interviewing method. The study's population included the agricultural students of Bu-Ali Sina University who have being worked on agricultural businesses. Therefore, to select the samples a purposeful sampling method was used. Data were collected on the basis of in-depth face to face interviews with entrepreneur's students. The data collected from the student theoretically were saturated after interviewing process was completed by ten people. The extracted findings were analyzed by using a content analysis method then finalized and grouped into the eleven themes. The results from the interviews by the students revealed that factors such as high risk-taking and family support at all stages, having a high selfconfidence, hard working, and high perseverance were some successful experiences of the students; but the factors such as lack of organizational supports, the problem of identify sale's markets, cultural problems of consumers, lack of experience, lack of specialized skills and distrust to the producers were the unsuccessful experiences of the students.

Today, social justice is one of the most important challenges for scholars in field of humanities. Necessary component for achieving social justice through development of social entrepreneurship are elimination of inequalities, discrimination and illegality. Social entrepreneurs try to use innovative strategies, mobilize resources and have effective communication for creating a suitable platform in order to resolve the social problems. They tried to change normal rules in business environment and achieve sustainable economics development through resolving the social problems. Social entrepreneurs identify social and economic opportunities for creating and strengthen social institutions and try to empowerment of the vulnerable people and minimize the differences welfare levels in society. The results of this study show social entrepreneurial activity have been formed and strengthen the social institutions. Due to the society nature of these institutions, they have high level of social capital. Social capital of these institutions improves their performance in solving the social problems and highlights their role in achieving social justice. Hence we can say that social entrepreneurs are the engine of social and economic sustainable development and have an important role in solving social problems and achieving social justice.

Intention to entrepreneurship is one of the most important predictor factor about entrepreneurship’s behavior of people in the future. This study was done for investigation the intention to entrepreneurship at undergraduate by using of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Target population was unemployed undergraduate of Khuzestan Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University. Stratified random sampling method was used to select the sample. Data were collected through questionnaires and then data were analyzed. Validity of questionnaire was confirmed by a comments of experts of agricultural extension and education. Then Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of various sections of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire items were at an appropriate level. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS20 software. Results indicated that two variables attitude to entrepreneurship and taking risk can significantly anticipate of changing toward intention to entrepreneurship (R2=65). Finally, to improve undergraduate intention to entrepreneurship, some suggestions have provided.

The effectiveness of the supply chain of every activity, including handmade carpet depends on varied resources. Finance, information and physical inputs are considered as resources required for handmade carpet production and it is essential to be investigated in order to understand carpet weavers’ problems to access them. The purpose of this research is to study the supply chain of tools used by silk carpet weavers in the rural areas of the Zanjan Township in the Zanjan Province, located in the north west of Iran. The study utilized a qualitative approach, consisting of an exploratory-explanatory case study. Participants, who were selected using a snowball sampling technique, consisted of the specialists of the provincial Commerce Department and the Union of Rural Handmade Carpet, and input sellers in the cities of Zanjan, Qom and Kashan. Results showed that the supply of weaving tools was different in terms of production approaches. The tools such as scissors, hooks and skewers were produced outside the Zanjan City. In the selfproduction approach, the tools were provided by rural carpet weavers through buying from the silk carpet market center in the city. This center mostly provided these tools through manufacturers outside the province. In the self-production approach, the carpet production frame and other components were mostly supplied from the carpenters and welders working in the Zanjan City. So the rural producers accessed these inputs with low dependency on middlemen. On the other hand, in the entrepreneurial production approach, the investors or employers outside the rural areas were responsible for supplying all tools and their costs were reimbursed from the rural producers after the production of carpets.

Creativity and innovation and ability to explore new opportunities are the most striking characteristics of entrepreneurs and the cooperative sector is the best context for developing and the improvement of entrepreneurship and collective entrepreneurial orientation. This paper aimed to investigate the tendency to collective entrepreneurship in agricultural production cooperatives. Required information was gathered from the literature review and related research background through library study method. The results show that there is a strong relationship between cooperatives and entrepreneurship so that the entrepreneurship constitutes one of the main preconditions for success of cooperatives. Actually, cooperatives can take advantage of collective entrepreneurship elements such as creativity, innovation, identify and take advantage of opportunities, risk taking increase their efficiency and effectiveness and to act in a more successful way. Therefore, financial, legal, educational, advisory and information supports from organizations and relevant institutions are necessary to develop and strengthen the collective entrepreneurship tendency in cooperatives.