فصلنامه فرهنگ زیارت
پیاپی 22 (بهار 1394)

“Every Day is Aashurah and Every Land is Karbala”. After the incident of Aashurah in the year of 61st Hijrah, the holy blood of Imam Husain (a.s) and other martyrs of Karbala has played the affective role in uprising and awareness of Shias and all the freemen around the world. The remembrance of Aashurah was a warning to tyrants and oppressors throughout the history, degrading them. Today, since sores of centuries, still the message of Aashurah incites the Muslims against oppressor regimes all over the world and makes them scary.
In such a hard age, in which we live and in the turbulent region of Middle East, messages of Aashurah, with respect to the passion it initiates in the hearts of the lovers of Ahlulbayt (a.s), can play a vital role in giving uprising and awareness to the masses of Muslims.
Since Aashurah is a tradition as well as an epic and tragedy, the pulpits of Imam Husain (a.s) should be a medium to make the faith affirmed in the hearts of Muslim youth that they are the future builders of their homelands.
This article focuses on the role of these messages in today’s Muslim societies especially in Iraq by glancing at the political situation of Islamic world, particularly at Middle East, while listing ten points from the messages of Aashurah which should be considered by Shia clerics on the pulpits of Imam Husain (a.s).

The peerless presence of Abbas (a.s) in the incident of Aashurah has converged him into a meritorious figure. Abbas (a.s) became satisfied that he is entering the battle on the right path by asking his brother and when Imam Husain (a.s) gave the option to his companions to go or stay, the first one who spoke and opted to stay was Abbas (a.s).
The entire beingness of Abbas (a.s) was the loyalty while his great father had kept him in mind for such a day. Abbas (a.s) stood elated in this Divine check while his name was calling out the loyalty, perseverance and resistance against the enemies of the right. Subsequently to the success of Abbas (a.s) and his brothers in this great test, there came along another greater exam and it was the safe-conduct brought by Shimmar-bin-Ziljoshan for them while Abbas’s (a.s) incisive reply defeated all the enemy’s stratagem and futile their efforts, this time too.
Abbas (a.s) has shown the most magnificent manifestations of sacrifice and devotion in Karbala and ransomed his valued life for his faith and objective, while his peremptory devotion and loyalty for Imam of his times exhibited most evidently in Karbala too.
This writing describes the role of Hazrat Abalfazl-al-Abbas (a.s) in Karbala from four aspects.

«A Reference Book of Pilgrimage» seeks to describe and interpret the words, terms and topics which are somehow connected with the subject of pilgrimage, tombs, holy shrines and the habitudes of pilgrimage. However this subject also includes the Hajj and the pilgrimage of the house of Allah, but the main objective in this series of articles is to study the subjects related with the holy shrines of Masoomein (a. s). Some words of this article are the names of places while some others are the names of habitudes, commandments and titles of the pilgrimage places. Under each of the subject, while describing lexical or idiomatic concept, traditions are also quoted if transmitted in this relation.
Writer has described some of the words, terms, places and subjects related with the pilgrimage in previous volumes and sorted them alphabetically till the word; «pulpit», while seeking to complete this task by explaining these words too: «Meeqat (a particular place in Hajj), Naazim (moderator), Naaib (vice), Nawdan-e-Talaa (the golden groove), Naaib-al-Tawliyyah (vice guardianship), Naaib-az-Ziyarah (vice in pilgrimage), Najaf-e-Ashraf (a holy city of Iraq), Nazar (vow), Naqqarah (kettledrum), Nimaz-e-Ziyarah (pilgrimage prayer), Wadi-as-Salam (a holy graveyard in Iraq), Waris (heir), Wudaa (farewell) and Waqf (bequest).

Aayatullah-al-Uzma Brojardi (a.r) learned Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence), Usool (Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence) and Philosophy near the great scholars of his times in Brojard, Ishfahan and the holy city of Najaf, and reached the degree of Ijtehad (the degree of discretion in Islamic Jurisprudence). After his migration to the city of Qom in the month of Safar, 1364 A.H, he has served the Shias Marjaeyyat (The Discretionary Authority in Islamic Jurisprudence) and leadership for sixteen years.
He, having full expertise on the books and jurisprudential sources of Ahlesunnah, always struggled to lay foundations for Shia-Sunni unity and mutual Islamic religious understanding. Aayatullah Brojardi (a.r) never took negative attitude against the views and considerations of Ahlesunnah jurists and always tried to evaluate the matter by considering their proofs. As he was charmed of unity between religions, he believed in that bringing it into existence is the real duty of Shia scholars while he used to support every effort made in this relation. He also had several postal relations with various scholars of Al-Azhar University and Saudi Arabic’s then officials.
This writing has divulged the context of various letters, exchanged between him and the elders of Ahlesunnah while explaining Aayatullah Brojardi’s (a.r) unitive thoughts and his practical measures, as well as the views of various Shia scholars regarding his unifying thoughts.

Aayatullah Ibrahim Amini, the Temporary Friday prayer leader in qome is one of the jurists who are successful in both the arenas of knowledge and practice, while in addition to his plentiful scholarly writings, he remained side by side with the leader of uprising from the very first years of Imam Khumeini’s (r.a) movement and has served on various academic and administrational posts after the revolution. This writing is the outcome of a conversation with him regarding the pilgrimage of the holy Prophet (PBUHH) and the infallible Imams (a.s).
He believes that the worth of pilgrimage is as of the owner of that grave and as stronger the pilgrim establishes his relation with these chosen ones of Allah, in his heart. Likewise he divides the traditions in two parts; the traditions related with the absolute subject of pilgrimage of Masoomein (a.s) (the infallibles) and the traditions related with the philosophy and reasons of pilgrimage legislations. In the view of Aayatullah Amini, the philosophy of pilgrimage legislations is the establishment and fortification of the relations of Shias among them as well as with their Imam of the times.
Aayatullah Amini has delivered valuable statements especially in relation with; the rights of holy Prophet (PBUHH) and the infallible Imams (a.s) over the pilgrim, the way to access the spiritual condition of praise and pilgrimage, the conditions of acceptance of pilgrimage and the concepts considered in various Zyaratnamahs (the books of pilgrimage) which is discussed in detail in this writing.

Huzaifah-bin-Yaman (r.a) was from the very first believers who embraced Islam in Madinah. He had concluded the contract of brotherhood with Ammar Yasir (r.a) while he is called as the confident of the holy Prophet (PBUHH) in the history of Islam, the one who was aware of the hearts of hypocrites and the prevising news of future calamities against the Islamic government.
Huzaifah (r.a) was one of the brave soldiers of Islam who had been relied upon for the protection of the holy Prophet (PBUHH) for a long time. He was one of those who have offered prayer on Hazrat Fatima (s.a) and gave the proposal of unification of holy Quran to Uthman. He, who was the one of firm criticizers of Uthman’s politics, was also considered among the closest companions of the Commander of Faithful (s.a).
Huzaifah (r.a) was appointed as the governor of Madain in the era of Ummar-bin-Khattab while Uthman and Ali (a.s) also retained him on his post. He was a brave fighter, aware politician, self-made sagacious and an honest narrator of traditions. He passed away in the beginning of the Caliphate of the Commander of Faithful (a.s) in Madain and was buried in same city. However centuries later, in the year of 1931 A.D, he was shifted near the tomb of Salman Farsi (r.a) while his body seemed still intact and fresh.
This writing also provides some research sources regarding him, to the reader while introducing this great companion of the holy Prophet (PBUHH) and the Commander of Faithful (a.s).

In the month of Ramadhan, 40th A. H, one of the most painful incidents of Shia's history took place in the mosque of Koofah. That day, Abdurrehman-ibne-Muljam Muradi, the one whom the holy Prophet (PBUHH) has called as «the most wretched person among the slaves of Allah», drew a deep cut in the head of the best person on the earth, with his poisoned sword. It was not the sword of Ibne-Muljam, but the sword of ignorance and animosity of Khawarij which colored the beard of the Commander of the Faithful (a. s) with his holy blood amid the sanctuary of the Mosque of Koofah, at the time of the Morning Prayer of 19th Ramadhan.
After the season of Hajj in 39 A. H, Ibne-Muljam concluded an agreement with two other Khawarijis, who were also dissatisfied from the consequences of the matter of arbitration in the war of Siffeen, to slain down Muaviyyah, Amr-al-Aas and Ali (a. s) on a particular day; however the companions of Ibne-Muljam remained failed in their attempts.
Ibne-Muljam, after entering the city of Koofah in the month of Shaaban, 40 A. H, visited the Khawarijis of this city and stayed in the house of Ashas-ibne-Qais who was one of the heads of Khawarij, where he falls in love with Qutam after being introduced with her, whereas she also demands the murder of the Commander of the Faithful (a. s) as her marriage portion.
In this crime, various persons have aided Ibne-Muljam whereas this writing discloses the role of each of them and reveals its whole process of happening.

It was always interesting for man to know that who has performed the particular job for the very first time or to know that who has uttered a word firstly. “Ilm-e-Awail” (The Science of Beginnings) seeks to know and introduce the innovators of each subject. The principles and foundations of this science are compiled and explained by the Muslim scholars in the early ages of Islam.
One of the most important events of the history of Shia; the incident of Karbala, resulted in the martyrdom of Imam Husain (a.s), his household (a.s) and companions in 61 A.H, on the day of Aashurah of that year. This sorrowful incident was as unique as several of its occurrences never repeated again in whole the history.
As the “Science of Beginnings” searches for the pioneers of all the matters, the incident of Karbala has its own thriving importance in this field, whereas it is considered a peerless subject for this science too.
This article is arranged into three sections: "the pioneers before the year of 61 A.H", "the pioneers in the day of Aashurah, 61 A.H” and “the pioneers after the day of Aashurah, 61 A.H”, whereas the first benediction of Imam Husain (a.s) in the day of Aashurah, the first martyr of Ahlulbayt (a.s) in the day of Aashurah, the first mourning held in the city of Madinah and Karbala, the first builder of the holy shrine of Imam Husain (a.s), etc., are discussed in it.

The city of Karbala was the origin of Islamic thought and cultural dissemination whereas it has performed the significant role in preservation of Arabic-Islamic culture and literature. While the great scholars and writers have also appeared in this city.
Poetry, story-writing, literary criticism, etc., are the examples of the cultural and literary movement in any region whereas all these cases are present in Karbala from past to the day.
This article, while reviewing the various aspects of the ancient and near past cultural and literary movement of Karbala, recalls the great libraries of this city, then discusses the poetic movement of Karbala in seventh century, its trends till the contemporary times and the literary circles of this city, then it introduces the famous literary gathering of Karbala. In continuation, it describes the formation of the literature of story-writing in the decade of 1930 A.D, its evolution and points towards the blossom of the literary criticism in the decade of 1910 A.D. too. The art of exhibition also can’t remained hidden by the writer whereas he describes its peak time from 1960 A.D to 1970 A.D. Translation from other languages, article writing and publications are other cultural manifestations of the contemporary times which has its own boom in the shadow of the leading printing and publishing industry of Karbala in Iraq.

The followers of Zaid-ibne-Ali-ibne-Husain (a.s) are called Zaidiyyah who believe in the Imamah (Leadership) of any just, learned and brave Fatimi (s.a) descendent (from the race of Hazrat Fatima Zahra (s.a)) who rise in the way of Allah to order for good and restrain from bad with a sword in hand and invite the people towards himself, while they believe that the obedience of such a person is obligatory. Zaidiyyah are divided into various sects while they have revolted many times against tyrannical governments in Iraq, Hijaz, Morocco, Yemen and Iran throughout the history, although many of which became successful and resulted in the establishment of their own government.
Zaidiyyah believe that all of the offspring of Hazrat Zahra (s.a) is the progeny of the holy Prophet (PBUHH) while relying on the tradition of Thaqalain (two matters of great importance); they believe that they are obliged to obey and honor them and regard their holy shrines. The separatist approach of the Zaidiyyah resulted that the religious rites like mourning ceremonies, chest beating, running the religious and customary boards do not have any importance near them.
This article explains the eminent status of the pilgrimage of the holy Prophet's (PBUHH) grave, the holy places in Iraq, especially the holy shrines of the Commander of the Faithful (a.s) and Imam Husain (a.s), and the shrine of Imam Ali-ibne-Moosa Al-Reza (a.s) in the faith of Zaidiyyah.

«ÈیæÊÇÊ Çá˜ÑÈáÇ ÇáÞÏãیå» (The Ancient Dynasties in Karbala); a writing of Syed Abdussahib Nasir Aal-e-Nasrullah, is a book in which the author has collected the authentic and valid topics about history, geography, Rijal (Biography of the Narrators), Ansab (Genealogy) and other subjects related with Karbala in four sections with utmost accuracy, attention and research.
The author has explained contents of the book, the purpose and style of writing and authentication of its context in preface, with respect to the ten angles and then after a brief introduction, he has, while emphasizing on migration of families, clans and the personalities, described history of Karbala and genesis of tribes, dynasties, families and personalities of this city. Furthermore he introduces the families and tribes living in the city of Karbala from the ancient times to the day and the residents of the neighborhood of holy shrine of Imam Husain (a. s) while pointing towards a precious volume which was one of his sources of research, and then he explains the cause of their migration to this holy city.
This article has quoted a part of the book containing some of the families and tribes, described in it while introducing the author and his work.

Koofah was always one of the most important cities of Islamic world, which remained the hub in all the important mutations while a lot of books have been written about this city. The book: «ÇÚáÇã ÇáßæÝå» (The Famous Names of Koofah) is the local history of Koofah in which the author Syed Mazr-al-Haluv has studied this city and brought the biographies of all the famous people of Koofah in alphatical order, from beginning to the end of fourth century. This book is compiled in nine volumes in which the author has specified a particular number to each of the alphabet while he has introduced totally 6342 famous people of Koofah including; companions of the holy Prophet (PBUHH), scholars, commentators of holy Quran, historians, authors, writers, reciters of holy Quran, physicians, caliphs and others. Hujjatul Islam Syed Mazr-al-Haluv is one of the famous speakers of Basrah who, after his migration to Syria, is now busy in preaching and oration there. He has briefly discussed the history of Koofah and its role in the cultural and social blossom of Shias in the preface of his book. This article explaines each one of the nine volumes of the book briefly, after introducing the author and his valuable work, then it introduces some of the elders whom biography is included in that volume.