نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 25 (تابستان 1395)

Accurate prediction of phenological development is important in the wheat)Triticum aestivum(. An important parameters on phenology can be suggest temperature and photoperiod. This study was conducted with 12 sowing dates to quantify response of jointing rate (JOR) to temperature and photoperiod in wheat cultivars. The regression models fitted to JOR against temperature were beta, dent-like and segmented function. Meanwhile, quadratic, negative exponential and segmented models fitted to JOR against photoperiod (these models were used as 9 combined models to describe JOR as a function of photothermal day). The results showed that beta- quaradic function was the best model to describe JOR as a function of both temperature and photoperiod. Using this function, the base, optimum and ceiling temperatures were estimated 4.5, 27.3 and 40 ₒC respectively. Critical photoperiod and photoperiod sensitivity coefficient were estimated 20.02 to 22.69 hour and 0.0109 to 0.0475 respectively. Also biological day for cultivars between emergence to jointing with the beta- quaratic function examin between 25.2 to 31.9 days.The results of this study can be used in crop simulation models.

To evaluate the effect of water deficit and zinc application on quantitative and qualitative yield of three rape seed cultivars, a factorial split plot experimental design based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replicates was conducted in Ismaeil Abad,Qazvin, Iran in 2011. The main plot was irrigation regimes in four levels: control, cut irrigation at stem extension stage to the end, cut irrigation from flowering stage to the end and cut irrigation from pudding stage to the end) and foliar application (in two levels: control and zinc foliar application 2g/lit). The sub plot comprising three levels of cultivars such as OKAPI, ZARFAM and SLM046. The results showed that the highest 1000 seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil percentage and oil seed yield was obtained by normal irrigation. The highest 1000 seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil percentage and oil seed yield was also gained by the applied zinc. ZARFAM and SLM046 had the highest seed yield (respectively 3030.1 and 2771/1kg.ha-1) and the maximum seed oil percentage was obtained by ZARFAM (1324.2kg.ha-1). Overall, Zinc foliar application was more effective in increasing grain yield. It is recommended to obtain the highest yield, Zinc foliar was also applied in normal irrigation.

In this experiment the requisiteness of mulch application on increment of yield and photosynthesis nitrogen and water use efficiency of almond were investigated. Experiment was conducted with five treatment in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replication and four trees per each plot in Dezhcord County in Eghlid region in two years. Experimental treatments consist of - Without mulch (ctrl.) - Inorganic Pamis with 2 cm thickness - Organic almond shredded wood mulch - Glycyrrhiza root waste mulch - Wheat straw mulch, each of them on tree overcast (under tree cover) with 10 cm thickness. The experiment was carried out on 60 uniform fifteen years almond trees. Results showed that the application of different kind of mulch caused an improvement in growth, photosynthesis nitrogen and water use efficiency in almond in rain fed condition. The highest amount of yield belonged to wheat straw mulch. Mulch application caused an increment in stomata conduction, transpiration and photosynthesis water use efficiency. Organic mulch had the best significantly increased the photosynthesis water use efficiency in almond. The highest pure economical profitability belong to wheat straw mulch, almond shredded wood, Glycyrrhiza root waste and inorganic Pamis mulch under tree canopy, respectively.

To study the effects of different amounts of vermicompost and bio super absorbent polymer on the grain yield and yield components of two cultivars of dryland checkpea a factorial experiment in a randomized completed block design with three replications was employed in agriculture college,Lorestan university in 2013-2014.The first factor was vermicompost in three levels of non-use (control),10 and 15 t/ha.The second factor was bio super absorbent polymer in three levels of non-use (control),150 and 250 Kg/ha. The third factor was to cultivars of breeding checkpea whose name were Arman and Azad The results showed that the effects of combination of bio superabsorbent vermicompost on grain yield, root volume, root weight and the total root length and root nodule number was significant and had no significant effect on root. The results of the mean comparison among the triple interactions effects vermicompost in bio super absorbent in cultivar showed the highest grain yield was related to treatments (application of 15 t/ha vermicompost and non-using bio super absorbent in Azad and Arman cultivarsby amount 1636.77 and 1636.39 Kg/ha),respectively.Thus with attention to non significant different between its,cultivars recommended for cultivation in climate conditions under experiment.

To evaluate of growth response and yield of Echinacea purpurea to foliar application of zinc sulfate and ascorbic acid under drought stress, an experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2011-12. Experimental factors consisted of: drought stress as the main factor in three levels (irrigation after: 70 and 170 mm evaporation from class A pan), Secondary factor consisted of: application of zinc sulfate in two levels (0 and 0.005) and ascorbic acid in four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/lit). Microelement application of Zinc had significant effect on plant height, stomata resistance, essence percentage and biological yield of purpule coneflower. The most effect on biological yield was equal to 290.3 kg/ha obtained in foliar application of zinc sulfate in condition of irrigation after 70mm from class A pan. The most of essence percent with 0.854% obtained in foliar application of zinc sulfate under 120mm water stress. Application of ascorbic acid (100 mg/lit) as an antioxidant decreased harmful effects of drought stress in some studies trait of Purpule coneflower and increased essence percentage and biological yield of Purpule coneflower.

In order to study the effects of drought stress on antioxidant enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll content and grain yield of wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replicates in field of Agricultural Dryland Research Station, Maragheh, Iran. Six wheat genotypes and four irrigation treatments (control, 7, 17 and 23 days after anthesis) were used in this study. Genotypes were included Azar-2 and Sardari (Drought tolerant), HN7 and DH-2049 (moderately tolerant), and Sara and TEVEE (drought sensitive). Results showed that drought stress at different times after anthesis led to decrease in relative water content (on average from 82.5% to 53.5%) and chlorophyll content (on average from 12.33% to 3.17%) in flag leaves of different wheat genotypes. Activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) were significantly increased under drought conditions. It was also observed that tolerant genotypes which had lower MDA and RWC content and higher chlorophyll contents in drought conditions also showed the higher antioxidant enzymes activity than sensitive genotypes. It seems that lower antioxidant enzymes activity in sensitive genotypes caused a decrease in drought tolerance and therefore higher yield reduction in these genotypes (on average from 3150.23 kg per hectare to 1400.21 kg per hectare, 55.55% decrease) compare to tolerant genotypes (on average from 2800.72 kg per hectare to 1850.69 kg per hectare, 33.92% decrease).

To investigate the effect of terminal drought stress on yield, yield components and canopy temperature of triticale genotypes, a field experiment was conducted at Agriculture College and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University during 2013-2014 growing season. Treatments included (Common irrigation, deficit irrigation after flowering, milk development, and dough development stages), and triticale genotypes (Sanabad, ET-83-18, line 20, line 8 and line 10) were assigned in main factor and sub factor, respectively. The experiment was split plot as randomized complete block design with three replications. Sanabad cultivar with 336.1 had the highest spike number/m2 when exposed to deficit irrigation after flowering. No significant difference was observed between grain number per spike of deficit irrigation after flowering and milk development treatments in Sanabad, Line 20, and Line 10. Line 10 with 46.23 g and ET-83-18 with 34.83 had maximum and minimum 1000-kernel weight, under deficit irrigation after flowering, respectively. In all genotypes, canopy temperature in deficit irrigation after flowering and milk development treatments was more than common irrigation and Line 20 with 6423 kg/ha grain yield was the best genotype under deficit irrigation after flowering and had the lowest canopy temperature compared to other genotypes. It was concluded that canopy temperature can be a suitable tool in evaluation and selection of tolerant genotypes under water deficit condition.

Planting date and genotype are two important factors affecting the growth and yield of crops, including chickpea.Therefore,In order to investigate the possibility of winter chickpea grown under dryland conditions in comparison with conventional farming (spring) and to determine the appropriate figures in each of the seasons of planting, research was conducted in the agricultural year 2008-2009 in Aleshta.Experiment two sowing seasons (winter and spring) and Varieties (Azzad, Arman, Hashem and local mass Greet) that the factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications.The results showed the effect of planting season, grain yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, one seed and two seed pods per unit area, number of pods per plant and seed weight were significant. Fall planting 1819.8 kg per hectare in grain yield, number of pods per unit area 669.3 pods per square meter and the number of seeds per square meter(675) increased. The different varieties significant effect on grain yield, number of seeds per pod, pod and seed weight per unit area had a single seed.The highest grain yield (2243.3kg ha) related to the cultivation of winter and Azad varity.Due to a significant increase in crop yield of winter to spring and good product positioning also recommend This product Aleshtar dry conditions in winter and Azad varieties resistant to blight disease is to be planted.

Experimental treatments comprised of water stress as a major factor in three levels including I0 = irrigation water requirement of crop (control), I1= 80 percent of the amount of irrigation water requirements of crop, I2= 60 percent of the amount of irrigation water requirements of crop in the main plots and different varieties of sunflower including V1= Azargol, V2= Alstar, V3= Ariflor and two levels of salicylic acid containing SA0= without salicylic acid and SA1= with salicylic acid (sprayed) as a minor factor in a factorial combination of sub-plots. The results showed the very significant effect (p

This study aimed to investigate the effect of solubilizing phosphate bacteria Pseudomonas putida on salt tolerance of two sunflower cultivars in crop year 2010 in greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, was performed. The experiment was done as factorial based on randomized complete block design in three replications. First factor consist of non inoculation and inoculation of sunflower seeds with Pseudomonas putida, and second factor consist of two sunflower cultivars of Alstar and Progress and third factor was three levels of salinity control (0.6), 5 and 7 ds/m. Salinity decreased shoot dry weight, plant height, leaf number in plant, seed number per head, seed hundred weight, seed yield and phosphate content and concentration in studied varieties. All studied traits in inoculated plants with bacteria, in both conditions of stress salinity and non-stress were larger than non inoculated plants. Alstar cultivar was more salinity tolerant than to progress cultivar, but Progress to bacterial inoculation showed a better response in salinity condition. The research results showed that inoculated plants with bacteria had salt tolerance greater than non inoculated plants. Thus it can be stated that Pseudomonas putida increased salinity tolerance of sunflower in salinity stress condition.

Priming is one of the seed enhancement methods that under stress conditions, such as salinity, temperature and drought, may result in increased seed performance (germination and emergence). This study was performed to evaluate the effects of priming on seed germination, seedling emergence and establishment and yield performance of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) landrace from Shiraz under salinity stress at laboratory and field conditions. This study was conducted as a factorial with three replicates in a completely randomized design in the laboratory and complete randomized block design in the field. Treatments included combinations of three levels of hydropriming time (0, 12 and 24h) and four levels of salinity (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 ds/m) for field study with three replications. Results indicated that with increase in the stress levels, germination traits such as germination percent and rate, root and seedling length and dry weight, significantly decreased, while this decrease in primed seeds was less. In the field, seedling emergence rate and percentage, plant height, biological yield, weight of 1000 seeds and grain yield were significantly increased by hydropriming. Hydropriming treatment reduced the negative effects of salt stress on the fennel seeds and plants, so that in all traits, maximum improving effects was observed with 24h of hydropriming and this treatment significantly decreased the effects of salt stress.

Yield gap analysis is useful method for prioritization agricultural researches and production to reduce yield constraints. To identify options for increasing chickpea yield, the SSM-chickpea model was parameterized and evaluated to analyze yield potentials, water limited yields and yield gaps for 12 regions representing major chickpea-growing areas of Razavi Khorasan province. For model parameterization, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete design with 4 replications in the research field of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (36. 15° N, 56. 28° E). The chickpea cultivar ILC482 was used in this experiment. Besides the above experiment, data obtained from a large number of field experiments involving varying seasons and management practices at diverse regions in Iran were also used for model evaluation. The evaluation of model indicated that the model predicted potential and water limited yield reasonably well. The results of running the model under different sowing dates scenarios (19 February, March 25 , 4 April and 21 April ) showed that optimum sowing date is 19 February in more counties, the highest and lowest potential yield obtained in Taibad and Mashhad with an average yield of 2736 and 2306 Kg ha-1 respectively. Furthermore, in the optimal sowing dates, the highest and lowest yield was observed in Quchan and Taibad respectively. The highest and lowest yield gap between the potential yield and irrigation levels were observed in Taibad and Mashhad respectively. Overally, the results indicated that 19 February sowing date reduced yield gap which is strategy in semi-arid areas with.

In order to investigate the effects of application of Vermicompost and Ammonium phosphate on yield and yield components of Vinga unguicuata a factorial experiment was conducted in Ahwaz in 2013-2014 based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were three levels of Vermicompost (0,4,8 ton/ha) and Amonium phosphate (0,75,150 kg/ha). Results shown that simple and interaction effects were significant (P>0.001). Application of 8 ton/ha Vermicompost resulted higher seed yield (291 gr/m2) comparing to treatmens with no Vermicompost (197gr/m2) and seed yield in Amonium phosphate was (247gr/m2). Application of integrated nutrition management (Vermicompostɪ➊ phosphate) caused higher leaf and stem dry weight in Cowpea. Also due to higher photosynthesis and vegetative growth capacity as results of fertilizer treatments total yield, number of pods and number of seeds per pods were significantly increased. The highest seed yield was 343.3 g/m2 in treatment of integrated nutrient management including 8 ton/ha Vermicompost with 150 kg/ha Amoniumphosphate and the lowest seed yield was 197.2 g/m2 in control treatment.The highest pod number per plant was achieved in treatments with 150 kg/ha amoniumphosphate (13 pod per plant) compare to control treatment (7 pod per plant).

A field experiment laid out in the factorial spli-plot arrangement using the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted to study the effects of date of planting, time of spraying fertilizer (multi-micronutrient EDT chelate), and cultivars on yield and yield components of cowpea. The treatments included three levels of planting date (6 May, 16 May, and 26 May) as the major factor , three fertilizer spray levels (60, 70, and 80 days after planting) and two cultivars ( Bastami and Ghadim) as the minor factors. Results of the table of ANOVA indicated the traits of number of pods per plant and seed yield were influenced by the treatments of planting date, cultivar, and sprays at the 1% probability level. The Bastami cultivar yielded more pods per plant and higher seed yield compared to the Ghadim cultivar. Fertilizer spray on the 80th day after planting had the maximum effect on seed yield (3.17 t / ha). Under the individual effect of planting date, the largest number of pods per plant and the maximum 1000-seed weight were observed in the treatment of planting on 6 May. The mutual effects of planting date and fertilizer spray on the number of pods per plant were significant at the 1% probability level, and the combination treatment of 6 May planting date fertilizer spray on the 80th day after planting had the largest number of pods per plant.

In order to determine optimum culture condition to produce high quality storage roots in sweet potato, an experiment was conducted as split-split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were allocated to soil texture (loamy and sandy), sub plots to irrigation method (furrow and drip) and sub-sub plots to sweet potato cultivars (White and Red). Cutting establishment percent, bush vegetative growth, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of storage root as well as crop per drip (CPD) were measured. Results showed that soil texture affects foliage fresh weight, shoot/root ratio, storage root number, weight and diameter, stem and leaf number, bush length, reducing and total sugar as well as CPD. Irrigation method influenced all the traits except root number. The greatest CPD was observed in loamy soil using drip irrigation respectively 5.492 and 4.569 kg/m3 for White and Red cultivar. According to path analysis results, storage root yield directly influenced by foliage fresh weight (0.726**), leaf number (0.722**), stem number (0.710**), storage root weight (0.668**), storage root diameter (0.449**), foliage length (0.352**) and storage root length (0.314**). Based on the obtained results, cultivation of Red cultivar on loamy soil using furrow irrigation at cutting establishment stage, drip irrigation during growth period and final furrow irrigation at storage root filling is more successful as a tool to produce high quality sweet potato storage root in Minab.

Silicon is one of the useful nutrient elements for plant growth that in soil cultivations, plant requirement to this element partly will supply but it may never be enough in soilless culture. However, the aim of this study was investigate the effect of Silicon (Si) on the qualitative and quantitative of two strawberry cultivars in soilless culture. This experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized completely blocks design with three replications and three plants in each replication. The medium cultures that were include perlite and cocopeat (1:1) and an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse that located in the city of Yasouj. Spray of Si in four concentration (0, 200, 400 and 600 mgl-1 from Silisilic Acid source) and cultivars (Paros and Aromas), were investigated factors in this study. Characteristics such as number of leaf, fruit weight, number of fruit per plant, yield of single plant, chlorophyll index and vitamin C were measured. Results showed that effects of Si and cultivar on the yield of single plant, fruit weight, number of leaf and chlorophyll index were significant. The highest yield of single plant was obtained in Paros cultivar with 1218 gr as compare to Aroms cultivar. Plant treated with Si 400 mg/l showed the highest yield to compare with control. So, application of 400 mg/l Si on Paros cultivar was recommended in soilless culture.

Vasha (Dorema ammoniacum) is one of the valuable forage, pharmaceutical and industrial plant that is endemic to Iran. In this study, some of habitat characteristics including climate, soil (physical and chemical properties) and geographical situation, phenology and gum yield of vasha were studied. To characterize the habitat soil, 9 profiles from habitat and 3 profiles out of habitat were sampled. Phenological stages were recorded with repeated visits to the region since March to August. To determine gum yield, at first average amount of gum by every plant calculated and then according to plant density, gum yield per hectare was calculated. The results showed that areas with Loamy-Sand soils and pH between 8.3 to 8.7 can be considered as one of the vasha suitable habitat. 472 plant/ha and 1/17 percent were density and cover of vasha, respectively. The amount of gum that produced by every plant was determined 130.3 g. The phenological studies showed that the onset of growth of vasha in this area is in March late to middle of April. According to this survey it is recommended gum harvesting starts from early July at 4-5 times. Based on climatic data, late December was determined as the most appropriate sowing of vasha seeds in the Bafgh.