نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1395)

Along with the rest of the world, Paying attention to health dimensions, especially social health and its elements, is essential in Iran's society. Moreover, the recent decade is faced with a wave of women entering universities and their demand for job.Since job, as a main social determinant, affects health, and women's health brings family and eventually social health, we intended to probe the impact of job on social health of female. The statistical population included women employed students studying in Alzahra University. The sample size was determined as 111 subjects who were selected from different faculties using cluster sample method. This was a sectional survey study that information collected with Self-made questionnaire and Keyes social health standard scale and analyzed by using spss software. The suitability of job conditions (wages and benefits, job security, organizational support, growth and prosperity at work, etc.) had the highest effect on the student's social health. In addition, results indicated the effect of casual mechanisms of financial independence, social relations, social support, self-esteem, and social status on social health of employed people. Among the underlying variables, age, marital status, and type of living place were significantly correlated with social health. Finally, The type of job (in terms of rank and status) didnt have any major correlation with student's social health. Employment doesnt change one's social health. The main things that affect social health are occupational components including the type of job, suitability of job conditions, social-mental capabilities (consequences of job).

The move toward modernism along with the cultural globalization and the rise of consumer culture make fashionism and also permanent surveillance and focusing on the visible characteristics of the body a common phenomenon in contemporary societies.Nowadays, modern people with the use of fashionable things and through paying extreme attention to cloth and appearance construct personal images of themselves and also send messages about their identities to others. The present research focusing on styles of clothing and women's attitudes toward fashion aims to explain causes and motivations which lead women to use fashionable clothes and also attempts to identify their typology. The research method is qualitative and its data has been collected by semi-structured interviews. The results of data analysis display three distinct types of women's clothing each has different characteristics. Of course, this division doesnt mean exact bordering and these three types somehow interplay with each other. The findings show that women's increased tendency for using fashionable clothes should be assessed mostly in relation to both subjective and objective factors as well as the dialectic relationship of agency and structure.

Classic political sociology dogmatically considers women politically more conservative than men and accordingly, women’s models of political behaviors are expressed based on their inherent tendencies towards right-wing conservative parties. But new research indicates that in developed countries during 1980’s, women gradually distanced from traditional conservatism and joint democratic groups. In addition, Inglehart’s studies indicate that since 1990’s, not only conservatism and right-wing tendencies have been faded in women, but also they support plans and objectives of new left-wing parties which are mostly based on cultural values of post-materialism more than ever. As a results, it seems that the effect of gender gaps has been reconfigured mostly in three models of traditional gap, convergence, and revisionism. Accordingly, the present study is to investigate the comparison between men’s and women’s political attitudes among 596 students of University of Isfahan in 2016. Accordingly, analyzing the results of the research indicated that firstly, there is no significant difference among men and women in terms of the degree of their tendencies towards democracy and each group supports democratic attitudes to the same extent. Therefore, the claim of hypotheses of classic models about women’s tendencies towards conservatism is rejected in political domains. Secondly, findings also indicated that the degree of tendency towards post-materialist values which construct foundations of New Leftist parties according to Inglehart, is significantly higher among women than men. This issue indicates that women not only have distanced rightist attitudes in political domains, but also they have more tendency towards leftist plans based on revisionist models.

The main purpose of this research was to study different aspects of self-employment among the agricultural female students in University of Zanjan. The statistical population of the study contained of senior female students in agriculture faculty of Zanjan University in 2014-2015 academic year (N= 135).According to Cochran's formula, 63 student were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire. Validity of the instrument was confirmed by a panel of faculty members and related experts. The reliability was determined by pilot test and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.71-0.88). The results of this study showed that the most important priority for employment was cooperative work, self-employment and recruitment. The most motivation for self-employment was greater prosperity, freedom and flexibility to work and use all the knowledge, skills and their ideas. Most students tend to agricultural employment in the service section. The self-employment requirements were need to financial capital, benefit from specialized training and experience in the field to set up business on his way. Using exploratory factor analysis barriers to female students self-employment in agriculture were summarized into Seven factors including: supporting law and gender barriers, agricultural risks and weaknesses in communication skills, physical weakness and knowledge, attitude and security, The tendency to indolence and failure to risk appetite in employment, lack of technical and management skills and lack of facilities. These factors explained 74.34% of barriers to female student's self-employment in agriculture.

Iran’s culture is changing, and by these changes preference of fit body usually thin body is growing up among women. Paying too much attention to fitness is the result of consuming society, and to reach fitness and to have acceptable body size, women try different ways such as Body building, Aerobic, and etc. So presented study is performed to know about related social factors with women’s tendency fitness trends ideals in Tabriz. Theoretical frame is made by the theories of Giddens, Guffman, Bourdieu, and Feminism. Population involves women who go to the gym for fitness in Tabriz. By the use of survey and multi – stage cluster sampling fifty –five gyms were chosen and three hundred and eighty five women in these gyms were chosen by accidental sampling. Needed information was collected by questioner prepared by researcher and analysis of data was done by SPSS software . Findings show that the average rate of tendency fitness trends ideals among women who were studied in this research is 111/12. According to the two variable and multi–variable analysis the variables of age, marital status, feministic attitude, cultural capital, and usage of media have meaningful statistical relation with tendency fitness trends ideals. Also, results of multi – liner regression show that the variables of age, marital status, cultural capital, and media usage by having effect on the variables of feministic attitude have relation with the rate of tendency fitness trends ideals in Tabriz. According to the results of multi- variable regression, these variables are able to predict 37 percent of changes in the rate of women’s tendency fitness trends ideals.

social and cultural family raise more than before. This article examines the role of women in family economic efficiency. To identify the components listed on the theories of resources, power, system theory and empowerment is used. Sampling technique used, multi-stage stratified sampling with probability proportional to size cluster sampling is. Results show that independent variables, the participation of women at the expense of family education of children, raising awareness of women regarding the appropriate use, modify consumer behavior by women with dependent variable economic efficiency had a positive family relationship.means that the above-mentioned variables have the greatest impact on economic efficiency is family.