فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 32، پاییز 1395)

Nowadays the subject of Geopolitical Position is a considerable issue for geographers and geopolitisians. In American and European countries, during last four decades, many studies and research about this subject have been done. We can analyze geopolitical position from different aspects. One of these aspects is hydro politics, another dimension is hydro carbonic potentials. Different geographical regions of the world in terms of power and influence over other areas and amount of importance that have in the policy of world powers do not have the same status. Each of the different geographical areas based on their relative and absolute position, and other structural and functional features has a special geopolitical weight.

In this paper, we try to study and explain the geopolitical importance of the Kurdish region in northern Iraq with a descriptive - analytic approach and use of related texts, documents and books. And for that the methodology of the research is based on descriptive analysis.

Kurdish Region in the Middle East with an area of 475,000 square kilometers is located in the heart of the crisis region of the Middle East. Located at the crossroads of four different areas of civilization, Turk- Altai civilization in the north, Arabic and Semitic civilization in South and South-West, Aryan civilization in the East, Slavic and Armenian civilization in the North East, and division among four countries, has cause the more complex issues in this part of the Middle East. Meanwhile, Iraqi Kurdistan in terms of having energy natural resources, flowing a lot of rivers and hidropolitical issues related to them, and its transitional and tourism position, play a very important role in structure of political geography of Iraq. Moreover, decentralization of Iraqi political system has increased the geopolitical importance of regions in Iraq.

Research findings show that Iraqi Kurdistan in comparative with another region of Iraq has a very important position in the country. This part of Iraq that has located in north of country, due to its geopolitical and hydro political position, play an important role in structure of political geography of Iraq, especially after fall of Saddam in 2003 until now.

Free zones have special position to attract foreign and local tourists, therefor development of required capabilities and facilities to increase tourism attraction should be considered. The aim of this study is to investigate tourism development strategies for Arvand free zone. This research is descriptive and practical based on method and purpose and the statistical population is consisting of all experts and employees in tourism sector of Arvand Free Zone Organization, Abadan Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism office and Abadan municipality which are included 36 persons that due to small number of statistical population, all individuals of it were considered. Data were collected by library studying and researcher made questionnaire. In data analyzing by SPSS software, frequency table, bar or box charts and single sample T-test were used. The results show that the absorption of non-governmental investment, infrastructures, amenities and tourism facilities in this area all have effective role in the tourism development of this region. Arvand free zone with its unique features has ability to achieve a special place in tourism and tourist attraction and by multidimensional planning in the region can develop and organize tourism industry in a way that lead to economic growth, social welfare and sustainable development. In the following of this research, strategies for the tourism development of the region at national and international levels have been presented.

Security is a substantial and essential factor to the development of any state after the political stability. This factor makes a space of perpetuity and prosperity in all scales and according to its increasing or decreasing, the process of development in any state takes more different visions. Security has an uncontroversial significant in border territories and lacking of it makes a state faced with geopolitical issues out of the borders. The aim of the paper is spatial analyzing of the security in 5 border cities of Iran’s Kordestan. The main question of this paper what are the security circumstances in the border cities in Kordestan. To studying of the concept of security, 383 people of the whole 9 border cities of Kordestan has evaluated by means of 18 indexes of the sustainable security. As a result, economic circumstance is a vital and substantial index in the security position of the area. Environmental changes as a second index have affected in the perpetuity of the unacceptable security circumstance of the border cities and ethnicity as a third poignant index has influenced on the security. Therefore, as much as heterogeneous distribution of economic indexes and harsh changes in environment, the security position is uncomplimentary.

Problem Statement: Uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, shortage of rainfalls, the disproportion between supply and demand for water in some areas of the country, dwindling water resources, particularly as a result of uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater and surface water and climate change along with high population growth especially in some areas of the country on the one hand Water from areas with relatively good hydrological be other places with water shortages on the other hand, it is Intense competition and the appropriation of water resources will be negative. This is the field of tension between groups, with each population centers and residential spaces provided. In terms of geopolitics which led to the formation of "hydro-negative" in the national and regional scale. The present article is descriptive and analytical research methods to identify and explain the effects of non-use planning and management of land unmatched ability in the field of water resources and especially the inter-basin transfer of water from the Karun watershed basin in the central plateau of Iran, the conflicts and local divergence has been done.

The main purpose water transfer project is to transfer the "surplus water", water rights, Waters share, owners of existing subscriptions and environmental sustainability, economic, social and political basin of origin is a priority and not seriously deficient. National species based on systematic approach to landscape look national territory and to avoid local and wide area within the central plateau of Iran's ethnic soon be saved from the scourge of dehydration, but not at any price. For example, water from the basin Beheshtabad and Koohrang the river and the recent initiative entitled "Drinking Water Supply Project Isfahan" and "comprehensive plan for restoration of the catchment basin Zayandehrood" not to be as anticipated in the initial plan (1100 million cubic meters) and regardless of the source and basins downstream needs to be done.

In short, the plan to transfer water from the Great Karun catchment area, beyond technical aspects and consequences of the ecological, economic, political, social, and environmental security and integrated source and target systematically taken into account. Comprehensive and integrated study of the effects and consequences of Karun watershed sub-basin water transfer on national interests, regional and local needs in a complete scientific experts and based on international standards such as Codex and proposed standards UNESCO, World Commission on Dams, indicators sustainable development and inter-basin water transfer successful and unsuccessful experiences in different countries and, without thinking of social, economic and political localism to be done. Considering the geographical space as an integrated and systematic as well as the interaction space components, in the geopolitical space is exactly the approach, Such a holistic approach in the implementation of political geographers and spatial development plan preparation and construction of regional and local and national recommend.

Problem Statement: Iran's Kurdistan province in terms of identifying the areas of identity (national identity and ethnic identity) is affected by the process of globalization. The aim of this study is to “review the development process of cultural globalization and its impact on national identity and ethnic Kurdish minority in Kurdistan” In this connection, questions are raised as follows: 1. what is the relationship between globalization and national identity of Kurds there? 2. What is the relationship between globalization and Kurdish ethnic identity? In terms of methodology, the study is a positivist (proof) and in terms of research, analytical and correlation. Data for this study were collected using a questionnaire techniques. To do this, researchers recognized the validity and reliability indices and scale, Likert rank them in the form of a questionnaire prepared for distribution among the elite to have. To select the sample size used in this study sample is obtained by this method, the sample includes 235 people. Master's degrees and doctoral students of Kurdistan province as the population of the study are According to official statistics, in 1982 the number of people.

By doing regression testing hypothesis about the first hypothesis " there is a significant relationship between globalization and national identity of Kurds”, The results show that the amount F (090/6) and the significance level 0/014), the independent variable (globalization) is relatively high explanatory power and is able to change the dependent variable (national identity Kurdish minorities) to as well as their experiences. Therefore, to ensure linear regression analysis of the relationships between independent and dependent variables can be used.

According to analysis of regression equation between the variables can be concluded that the standardized coefficient ./143) show Which changes the size of a standard deviation in the independent variable globalization causes a change in the amount ./143 standard deviation (positive) in the ethnic identity .This shows the positive effect of globalization on ethnic identity is variable . In this case also seen the above rates are generally low and shows although globalization on ethnic identity Kurdish minority in Kurdistan province had a positive effect, but the significance of such effects is very low. It can be concluded that the global variable only able to account for only 2% of the variability of ethnic identity and other unknown factors are responsible for 98 percent of variation In the end, it was determined that the standardized regression coefficients for the variables of globalization and national and ethnic identities respectively (-. / 167) and (. /143) in a significant error level is less than 05/0. Although it can be said that globalization leads to a discrete entity, but this phenomenon has not been able Identity crisis created in the Kurdistan region, because national identity and ethnic identity among Iranian Kurds integral parts of each other.

One of the problems the present world is faced with is the maintenance of the areas’ stable tourism. In Iran, planning in this regard has been less paid attention to; this has caused activity in this field not to be that much profitable. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of management evaluation and planning in different aspects for the purpose of tourism development. This study is a survey and the data collection has been through questionnaire whose justifiability was confirmed via experts and researchers; additionally, its perpetuity was established through the Cronbach alpha of 0.88. In this study, 160 questionnaires were distributed. Having collected the required data, SPSS has been used to analyze the data. The results of this study through linear regression test and one sample t-test confirm that there is a significant relationship between the body-space, cultural-social, and economic aspects of tourism developing planning with the tourism attraction rate. Tourism developing planning in the fields of body-space and cultural-social has not been implemented well in this area. On the other hand, with regard to economic aspect, there have been significant implementations in this area. The management of tourism development planning has a significant relationship with the number of tourists in this area with 50% of this relationship being related to planning in the field of body-space. It was also made clear that there is no appropriate performance in terms of planning in this area, especially in the field of body-space, this performance has been evaluated as being weak.

The aim of the present research is to study the social participation of Tehran city citizens in municipal activities. The theoretical framework of research on Durkheims, Giddens, Homans, Dahl theory was selected. In this research the method of research is survey and technique of data collection is questionnaire. In this research 286 of the citizens of this city (region1 & region20) have been selected with the use of simple random sampling method and have responded to social participation questionnaires. The collected data from the questionnaires were analyzed with the use of program of spss. The results showed that 12.7 percent of respondents in down amounts, 65.6 percent in average amounts and 21.7 percent in top amounts are involved in municipal affairs. As well as between the respondent's participation in municipal affairs by place of residence, history of residence, ownership of urban environment, social trust and satisfaction with municipal services direct relation was observed.

Assessment and evaluation is an accepted way to achieve sustainable development goals which can be seen as a means for environmental potential effects which is caused by implantation of construction and development projects in urban areas. This assessment can identify the potential effects of the project and provide an optimal choice to complete the project. Mazandaran province with diverse appropriate ecosystem is one of the most populated area of Iran which is suitable for human living but in recent years has shown a dramatically increase in rural population rate. This has led to an increase in urbanization rate which is consequently caused an increasing pressure on the environment. This research had been conducted with aiming analysis of environmental condition of urban settlement in Mazandaran province with application of VIKOR method. A comparative study of environmental condition of urban settlement revealed that settlements in tow cities of Mazandaran, namely Noshahr and Amol have achieved first and last grate among other cities accordingly.

Locate is one of the most important factors in the development of regional planning. Rational and balanced distribution of economic activities and regional development goals of the political and social establishment of industrial units, followed economic growth and distribution leads to reducing regional disparities and adjusted rural and urban disparities and followed social justice in the region. Sabzevar city due to the presence of mines and agricultural activities needed for the development of its manufacturing industry. In this study, we tried to be with emphasis on hydro-climate and 20 years statistics (1990-2011) of Synoptic station in city of Sabzevar, recognize suitable Sites for the development of manufacturing industries. In this research using climatic layers and water resources, natural factors and infrastructure possibilities and applicable type (temperature, wind, river level of underground water) and other data layers such as topography, power transmitting lines ,road which all are resulted from analyses in GIS selecting proper locations to establish industries have been considered. After providing data layers , determined standards were used by environment organization to establish factory industries and obtained weights through professional knowledge using AHP method and phase location finding model in five groups of industry codes (A-B-C-D-E) The results of the final output maps in various industrial groups by applying the prevailing wind direction to locate the best areas explained as follow: Code A: Southwest, north and northeast Code B: Southwest and Northwest Code C: Southwest and Northwest Code D: Southwest and Northwest Code E: Southwest and Northwest .

Flood is among phenomenon which brings about considerable damage each year. This has been attracted greatly by hydrologists. The factors such as physiography, geomorphology and human factors can accelerate this phenomenon in basins. For using water source, flood management, damming, watershed management and the most basic hydrologic studies, peak discharge is important, so accuracy of studies and the safeties’ level of the hydraulic structures and establishments are independent to it. In this research potential flood Kharashk basin were studied by using of SCS method. So Basin Hydrograph dimensions calculated by using of 24 hour rainfall, time of concentration, Curve Number, rainfall excess, time to peak and peak discharge. Then was design Hydrograph for basins in 2,5,10,25,50,100 period time . Results show, because of form of Kharashk basin, it has not ability for making flood, but because of narrowness of basin, runoffs in short time arrive to main drainage and fill it. So it will have ability for making flood where that the river gets out of mountain.

Sport Tourism is also a part of tourism is considered that the combination of sport and tourism, there is growing at a rapid rate and becoming major industrial and independent. One of the problems of tourism in Iran, including Isfahan, imbalance in spatial organization and lack of hierarchy based on the interaction between tourism areas. Level of tourism infrastructure in different regions of the province and balanced distribution infrastructure and moderating inequality in different areas, one of the major initiatives is the development of Tourism. The aim of this study was the city of Isfahan in terms of sports tourism infrastructure and the HDI model has been used to analyze it The research is descriptive analysis was used for data collection of statistics Isfahan. The results showed that all 24 city of Isfahan has deprived their level of development.

The main objective of this paper is to examine the root causes of the formation of reverse migration and its Impact on the reconstruction of socio-cultural, economic, policy and strategic spatial-physical and villages of Ardebil north (Parsabad, Bilesuar And Moghan). Method of the research is also library – documents that With analysis of Secondary data from population and housing censuses And using simple random sampling by distributing questionnaires among 333 people from relevant authorities (governors, district), housing experts Housing, and village Islamic council members and residents of villages was carried out. To test Research Variables use Pearson's method and SPSS software. The results show that a positive, Meaningful and effectiveness relationship is between Reverse migration variables and socio-cultural, economic, policy and spatial-physical and strategic variables.

The preference of pedestrian and cities pavement’s role is destructed gradually and the quality of urban open spaces and sidewalks are decreased by expanding the cities. The pavements are arena that can have fundamental role as origins in upgrading contact surface, connections, and social interactions between citizens. Therefore, the pavement has special importance among planners, urban designers, and citizens. Because constructing an especial path for pedestrians not just have effective role in renewal of city centers, but lets the citizens completely focus on shopping, visual line, and walking calmly. Although a part of urban trips are made on walking and most of the cities have convenient facilities to make the pavements at the heart of urban networks, unfortunately there is also no attention to creating pavements in Iran’s urban system. Hence, the urban planning and designing are taken away more and more from humanitarian needs and scales, and so the importance and value of urban social and cultural attractions are reduced. The scope of this study is attending to evaluation of pavements operation in Sadeghieh and Farahzad streets, and investigating the quality and quantity properties of them regarding to walking promotion according to five key indicators. Therefore, we can choose more convenient pavement by regarding to the quantity and quality criteria of pavement’s properties. The results show that the Sadeghieh’s pavement has the highest five key indicators and highest significance level than the properties of convenient pavement according to value of indicators, analyzing the Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and its significance level.