نشریه گیاهان دانه روغنی
شماره 2 (1394)

Macrophomina phaseolina is a soil born fungal pathogen that caused charcoal rot of soybean and several other plants. Disease intensity in different hosts is related to hot and dry weather condition. In order to determination of cardinal (minimum, optimum and maximum) temperatures required for mycelial growth and microsclerotial germination, three fungal isolates prepared from soybean fields of three regions Aliabad, Gorgan and Kalaleh in Golestan province were studied in vitro. Mycelial growth and germinated microsclerotia number were recorded daily in different temperatures and fitness of data with three growth models (Beta, segmented and dent-like) were examined. Results of statistical analyses (nonlinear regression) showed that the segmented was the most suitable model for describing the relationships between mycelial growth and microsclerotial germination of this fungus. Minimum, optimum and maximum temperatures estimated by the segmented model for mycelial growth were 8, 34.5 and 44.3 ºC, respectively, and 8.9, 32.3 and 45.5 ºC for microsclerotial germination.

In order to study the effect of seed size and cultivar on pod formation and yield, a factorial experiment was performed as a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three cultivars (williams, Sahar and Katol) and three seed size (small, medium and large) in 2011 The results of analysis of variance showed that there were significant difference between cultivars for pod setting and yield at 1%probability level. Mean comparison between cultivars indicted that highest pod setting was observed in Sahar with 64 pods and lowest in Katol with 36 pods. Based on the observation, it seems that unfertile pods in the latter one is the indicator of its susceptibility compared to other cultivars resulting in decreased number of fertile pods. Mean yield comparison revealed that he highest yield (2984 kg/ha) was produced by Williams while lowest yield (2246kg/ha) belonged to Katol.The analysis of variance of the dates indicated that there was significant difference between seed sizes (Small, Medium and Large)at 1% probability level for pod fertility and yield. Mean comparison between seed size for pod setting indicated that large-and small sized seeds produced the highest (57) and lowest (43) number of pods, respectively. The mean comparison of yield under the influence of various sizes of seeds revealed that the highest yield (3192 kg/ha) was produced in sowing large seeds whereas the lowest yield (1981 kg/ha) was obtained with small seed size. Based on the results, seed size was effective in pod setting and producing suitable yield, and as a consequence it was effective for soybean seed increase.
een 1000-SW and seed filling rate, explaining 67 and 74% of the variation for Hyola401 and RGS003, respectively. The strong relationships of SW with temperature, PTQ and CGR during SFP, and the duration and rate of SFP over different environmental conditions, SDs and cultivars, showed these variables to be generally applicable in SW determination.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting Pattern on yield and yield components of oil linseed at the agricultural research station of Gorgan (Araqi Mahalleh) in 2012-2013. Experimental treatments were row distances at three levels: 30, 45 and 60 cm and three within row distances (5, 10 and 15 cm). A factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of this study indicated that row spacing had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on seed yield, harvest index, thousand seed weight, number of heads per square meter, head weight per plant and oil percentage. The highest grain yield (3426kg per ha) was observed at planting patterns 30 cm by 5 cm and lowest yield (1765 kg/ha)was seen at planting pattern of 60 cm by 10 cm. Based on the results of the present study, linseed yield might be increased by determining suitable planting pattern.

This study was conducted aiming to investigate the effects of different irrigation water salinity (1.2, 4, 7 and 10 dS.m-1) and vemicompost usage (0, 3, 6 and 9 ton.ha-1) levels on canola (Hyola 401 cultivar) as factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 3 replications in pot condition in 2013-14. The results showed that height of the first silique and silique length significantly decreased when salinity was higher than 4 and 7 dS.m-1, respectively. Salinity resulted in decreasing 1000- seed weight and seed yield and water productivity, significantly, so water salinity 10 dS.m-1 in comparison with 1.2 dS.m-1 caused to decreasing by 25, 26 and 26 percent respectively. Maximum and minimum values of biological yield observed in irrigation water salinity 7 and 10 dS.m-1, respectively. Water salinity 10 in comparison with 1.2 and 7 dS.m-1 resulted decreasing in biological yield by 32 and 55 percent, respectively. .There was significant difference between salinity treatments in aspect of seed oil content. However, it did not follow a certain order. On the base of findings, significant difference was observed between vermicompost treatments on all studied traits except height of the first silique, number of seeds per silique and harvest index. In comparison with no usage, application of 9 ton.ha-1of vermicompost led to increasing plant height, number of silique per plant, 1000- seed weight, seed yield and water productivity, biological yield, seed oil yield and water productivityby 10, 15, 10, 25, 26, 6 and 32 percent, respectively.

In order to study the effects of priming and water stress on safflower, an experiment was conducted at the research farm of the college of agriculture, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University in 2014. The experiment was done factorial on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Priming factor included (Water and nitro auxin, water and auxin, hydro priming and control (without priming) and factor water stress include (stress on during stem stage, stress during grain filling stage and control (normal). Water stress during stem and grain filling period was equal to 120 mm of irrigation based on evaporation from the evaporation basin that approximately 10 day. The results showed that all traits were affected by water stress and priming main effects. Interaction between factors was a significantly effect on the plant growth rate and petal weight. The highest seed yields per plant were obtained from auxin priming (15.44 g) and nito auxin priming (15.15 g) and full irrigation (Control) (39.04 g). The seed yield per plant showed with the most correlation (r= 0.85) with the percentage of the grain kernel. This study showed that application of priming useful role in improving the growth, yield and performance components of safflower, and also the seed priming with auxin and nitro auxin, were better than seed hydro-priming, this can be related to the chemical properties of these compounds. It can be concluded that using seed priming could alleviate water stress adverse effects, and improved plant growth and yield of safflower.

This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of priming on physiological and biochemical deterioration of canola seeds. A factorial experiment based on a CRD with three replicates was performed in 2012. Treatments were combinations of five levels of seed ageing (0, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours) and three levels of hydro-priming (0, 5 and 10 hours). Canola seeds were kept at temperature of 43°C and relative humidity of 100% to create seed aging. The results of physiological changes of seeds indicated that with an increase in ageing levels, characteristics such as germination percentage, rate, uniformity, and seed reserve utilization rate, seed reserve use efficiency decreased more than, primed seeds. At all levels of ageing, primed seeds reached to 50% germination earlier than the control. In the case of biochemical changes which were consisted of lipid peroxidation rate, activity rate of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes and electrical conductivity (EC) , results indicated that with an increase in ageing levels, lipid peroxidation increased, while the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase enzymes decreased. However, , the rate of this increase and decrease was less in primed seeds. In addition, at all levels of seed ageing, less cytoplasmic soluble matter moved out of plasma membrane in primed seeds compared to the control. As a whole, we can conclude that hydro-priming resulted in reduction of lipid peroxidation, improvement of deteriorated seeds , and as consequence, the emergence strength of canola seed increases.

Seed weight (SW) in canola is a function of environmental factors, such as temperature and photothermal quotient (PTQ) during seed filling period (SFP), and duration and rate of SFP. The objective of this experiment was to determine environmental factors influencing SW, during SFP. The experiment was a randomized complete block design, arranged in a split-plot in two conditions, i.e. supplemental irrigation and rainfed. The experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Gonbad, during 2005-7. Two cultivars of canola (Hyola401 and RGS003) as subplots were grown at 5 sowing dates (SDs) as main plots, spaced approximately 30 days apart. For an each degree increase of mean air temperature during SFP, 1000-SW of Hyola401 and RGS003 decreased 0.171 and 0.144 g, respectively. There was a quadratic relationship between 1000-SW and PTQ during SFP. Also, there was a linear relationship between 1000-SW and seed filling rate, explaining 67 and 74% of the variation for Hyola401 and RGS003, respectively. The strong relationships of SW with temperature, PTQ and CGR during SFP, and the duration and rate of SFP over different environmental conditions, SDs and cultivars, showed these variables to be generally applicable in SW determination.