نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 26 (پاییز 1395)

Waiver of noticeable weeds injuries on crop yield, so far has not been studied the effects of salinity on behavior physiological and biochemical. In order to weeds redroot pigweed, Bindweed and Russian knapweed choice and the effects of three levels of salinity control (0), 50 and 100 mM, in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in a greenhouse were studied. The results showed that levels of salinity only on dry weight was not significant in the bindweed. Moreover the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in salinity decreased in Redroot Pigweed and Russian Knapweed weeds, but its activity was not affected in bindweed of salinity. Also, the results of assay activity removal enzymes of hydrogen peroxide showed that this enzymes did not affect only the bindweed of salinity. Whereas in Russian knapweed the activity this enzyme was significantly reduced. In Redroot pigweed also only enzyme Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was reduced by salinity. In studied weeds the salinity had not effect activity of the glutathione S- transferase (GST) enzyme. On the other hand, the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the three studied weeds significantly increased on salinity of 100 mM. But increase the rate of lipid peroxidation at effect salinity observed only in Russian knapweed and redroot pigweed. Based on the results due to the lack of significant changes in antioxidant enzymes at bindweed, this plant is tolerant to salinity levels investigated compared to Russian knapweed and redroot pigweed.

In order to study the effect of density on morphological indices, yield and poretin content in four grain sorghum varieties an experiment was conducted in a compeletely randomized block design with factorial arrangement and 3 replications in Experimental Field of Birjand Azad University at 2012 .Four varieties including “Sepideh, Saravan local, Payam and Kimia” and 3 density including 100000 , 180000 and 260000 plant/ha were the subject of the experiment.The results showed that (a) the highest height , number of node and main branch number per panicle were observed in Saravan local variety ,(b) the highest diameter of stem , length of peduncle, diameter of peduncle and flag leaf area were observed in kimia varity ,(c) the highest tiller number and length of internode were in payam varity and (d) the highest panicle lenght were obsereved in Sepideh . Varieties were significantly different for grain yield and protein percentage, the highest grain yield in Saravan local varirty and the highest protein percentage communally in Payam and Kimia varieties were observed. Characteristics such as diameter of stem , length of panicle , main branch numbers per panicle , length of peduncle and diameter of peduncle were affected by density . Increase of density cause to increase of grain yield but were not affected density protein percentage. According to the results in order to obtain the maximum of grain yield we can plant Saravan local variety at density of 260000 plant/ha... .

In order to study the effects of plant density and planting pattern on agronomic traits of rice (var. Tarom Amrollahi), a field experiment was conducted as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Amol in 2013. Treatments consisted of three levels of plant density (1, 3 and 5 seedlings per hill) and four levels of planting pattern (15×15, 20×20, 25×25 and 30×30 cm2). Results showed that the interaction effect between plant density and planting pattern was significant on all traits, except fertile tiller number per hill. Increasing the plant density, decreased the plant height, panicle length and number of filled and unfilled grain, but increased the panicle number per m2 and grain yield. Changing the planting pattern from 30×30 to 15×15 cm2, decreased the fertile tiller number per hill by 56.9 %. The treatment of 25×25 and 30×30 cm2 planting pattern with 5 seedlings per hill was represented the highest amount of 1000-grain weight. The highest grain yield was obtained in the treatment of 20×20 cm2 planting pattern and 3 seedlings per hill with the average of 6550 kg.ha-1. It seems that, the plant density of 3 seedlings per hill and planting pattern of 20×20 cm2 was considered as the best planting density for rice of var. Tarom Amrollahi.

In order to study the effects of sowing dates on some morphological and phenological characteristics and yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) cultivars, a field experiment was conducted in Azad University of Birjand Research Farm during growing season of 2006-2007. The experiment was done as split plot based on completely randomized block design with three replications. In this study four sowing dates (15 Oct, 30 Oct, 15 Nov, 30 Nov) were used as main plots and three varieties (local Isfahan, Zarghan and LRV) were as sub plot. Results showed that, plant height, number of branches per plant and height of first flowering branch from ground level, were affected significantly by sowing date. Also, effect of sowing dates on duration of seed emergence, stem elongation, blooming, flowering and ripening was significant. With delay in sowing date, duration of all phenological period decreased. Maximum grain yield (1209kg/ha) was obtained in the first sowing date and when delay to 30 Nov, grian yield decreased about 56.5 percentage. Effect of cultivar on some traits such as plant height, number of branches, height of first flowering branch from ground level and grain yield was significant. Duration of seed emergence was affected significantly by cultivar. Interaction effects between sowing date and cultivar were significant for all traits, except duration of plant height, number of branches per plant, seed emergence, blooming and ripening. According to these results, maximum grain yield obtained from 15 Oct sowing date and LRV cultivar.

The adverse effects of unfavorable environmental factors are important in warm and dry regions due to limited water resources and evaporation. This study was carried out to determine agronomic traits and oil yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars planting methods at Kashan in 2014. The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangemed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were planting methods (flooding, furrow bed method, high water mark, planting on rows) and safflower cultivars (Goldasht, Esfahan local, Soffeh). Each plot consisted of 4 rows, 5 m long with 50 cm between rows space and 5 cm between plants on the rows. Plant height, stem diameter, number of branch, number of unfilled capsuls, number of capsuls per m-2, number of seed per m-2, weight of seeds, biological yield, harvest index of plant and oil yield were measured. Results showed that the interaction between safflower cultivars and planting methods on plant height, number of capsuls per m-2, number of seed per m-2, weight of capsuls grains, biological yield of plant, harvest index and oil yield was significant. The highest and lowest oil yield (389.7 and 254.3 kg ha-1) were obtained with Goldasht cultivar in high water mark and Esfahan local cultivar in planting on furrow. Therefore, safflower planting at high water mark method can reduces the accumulation of salts from the evaporation surface in areas with hot and dry weather, such as kashan... .

In or order to determine optimum seed density and sowing time of lentil (lens culinaris medic.) in khoramabad city, this study was conducted in 2008-2009 growing seasons. There were five seed density levels 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 seed/m 2 , and two sowing seasons: Autumn and spring seasons traits such as grain yield, biological yield, pod and grain numbers per square meter, single seed per square meter; double seed per square meter were recorded. After harvesting, 100 grain-weight, grain yield and biological yield were measured and recorded. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of sowing dates on grain yield, biological yield, pod and grain numbers per square meter, single seed per square meter; double seed per square meter, were significant. Autumn sowing date significantly increased grain and biological yield, harvest index, pod and grain numbers per square meter. Different plant density effects were also significant on grain yield The highest grain yield belonged to 350 seed per m2 (1600 kg/ha-1) and autumn sowing time. (1575 kg/ha-1). These results recommend that in dry land conditions of lorestan lentil are to be grown as autumn crop with 300 seed per m2.

Yield and yield components of cotton to potash source and zinc amount application under saline condition was studied as a factorial experiment based on randomized block design with three replication in Bardaskan's Astan Ghods Razavi farm research at 2011-2012. Factors were Potash source (Potassium nitrate, potassium sulphate and potassium chloride (100 kg.ha-1 K2O) and different levels of Zinc (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg.ha-1 as Zinc sulfate). The experiment was conducted on 8.2 and 9 ds.m-1 soil and water electrical conductivity. The results showed that Potash source and Zinc amount had significant effect on plant height, number of boll, boll weight, seed cotton yield, lint percentage and earliness. Application of potash (70 kg.ha-1) as Potassium nitrate was better than other source for all traits. Although, There was no significant difference between 40 and 60 kg.ha-1 Zinc application but increasing of zinc level to 60 kg.ha-1 increased plant height (23.46%), number of boll (17.01%), boll weight (15.58%), seed cotton yield (23.38%), lint percentage (4.66%) and earliness (4.86%) compared than control. Overall, Zinc improved plant growth under salt-affected soil conditions and 40 Kg.ha-1 zinc application and potash (70 kg.ha-1) as Potassium nitrate were enhanced yield and yield components of cotton.

To study the effects of bio fertilizers and Nano zinc and their interactions on yield and yield components, this survey was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2013 at Natural Resource Research Institute in Damavand city. In this experiment factors including biological fertilizer and chemical fertilizers at four levels including control or without the use of chemical and bio fertilizers, bio fertilizers application only(Nitragin),applying chemical fertilizers(100%dose) recommended based on soil test, chemical fertilizer(75%dose) recommended based on soil test and bio fertilizers (Nitragin) application and zinc fertilizer treatment including three levels control or no application zinc ,application of chelated zinc and application of Nano zinc respectively. The results showed the impact of bio fertilizers combined with chemical fertilizer was significant in all traits. Between chemical and bio fertilizers levels, 75% chemical fertilizer nitragin had the highest number of seeds per row, grain yield and biological yield and had the greatest impact than the other levels. The results showed the impact of zinc fertilizer on the number of rows, grain yield and biological yield was significant. Also interaction effects of treatments on number of seeds per row and biological yield were significant. The results of this study indicate that the use of bio fertilizers in combination with chemical fertilizers on improve the yield and yield components of maize and also in order to sustain production and environmental protection had a positive impact and it seems bio fertilizers are a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers.

A split factorial experiment was done in Bastam region in Shahrud during 2011-2012 crop year,using randomized complete design block with 3 replications to investigate the effect of planting data on some cultivars of mung bean. The experimental treatments included three planting dates (1st, 11th, and 21st of May, 2011), the application of humic acid spray at three levels (control, 40%, and 60%),and VC and Parto cultivars. Results from this study suggest that the second planting date provides the best conditions for reducing environmental effects and preserving the dry and fresh weights of the seed (53.57 g/shrub, and 174.97 g/shrub). In addition, the interaction between the planting date and dry weight of the seed, as well as between the planting date and fresh weight of the seed were significant at the level of 5% and 1%, respectively. The cultivars under planting date treatment showed statistical difference at the level of 1% in some traits namely 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per pod, and yield. Among the cultivars, the maximum 1000-seed weight (63.21 g) belonged to the Parto cultivar. In addition, the application of humic acid spray affected 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per pod, and seed yield in different cultivars at the level of 1%; in that, the maximum effect belonged to the application of humic acid 60% spray (66.20 g). On the other hand, such traits as protein content and ash content were not affected by any of the factors.

In order to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress on linseed …, an experiment was conducted as split-plot arrangement based on RCBD with three replications at the Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture in Shahrekord University in 2013. Drought stress at four levels of without stress, moderate, the average, and severe stress as the main factor and inoculation with Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae and no inoculation as sub factor were evaluated. The results showed that the effect of mycorrhiza inoculation and drought stress treatment had significant effect on all measured traits. The interactions between mycorrhiza and drought stress treatments were significant on capsule number per plant and seed number per capsule. Based on the results in this experiment inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, increased grain yield and 1000 seeds weight 27% and 10.6% respectively compare to no inoculation treatment. Based on resulted in this experiment symbiosis of flax with of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi caused increased in all traits.

In order to evaluate the effects of green manure and manure on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics, Dracocephalum Moldavica L, were tested in a Split-plot design, a completely randomized block design with four replications at the research farm of west Azarbaijan Agricultural Research Center in during the years 2011-2012. Main factor consisted of four types of green manure (Secale montanum, Trifolium Pratenes, Medicago sativa and Lathyrus sativus .L) and sub factor 5 types of manure ( 0 t/ha mannure (control), 40 t/ha mannure, nitroxin 1/3 manure, nitroxin 1/2 manure and nitroxin 40 t/ha mannure). The results indicated, that the effect of green manure and manure with nitroxin on leaf dry weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index, at the 1% level and on the thousand grain weight at the 1% level were statistically significant. The interaction of two factors showed that the highest amount of grain yield was related to the Secale montanum green manure in nitroxin 40t/ha mannure (2984 kg/ha) and the lowest amount of grain yield was related to Secale montanum green manure in the control of manure with nitroxin (1227/75 kg/ha). Also, maximum and minimum biological yield were obtained as affected by Medicago sativa green manure in in nitroxin 40t/ha mannure (17520 kg/ha) and in Secale montanum green manure in the control of manure with nitroxin (12580 kg/ha), respectively.

In order to evaluate the Effect of Trichoderma virens and Piriformospora indica coexistence with Enterobacter sp. on the growth and photosynthetic pigments in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plant an experiment was conducted during 2015 under controlled conditions. A factorial experiment based completely randomized design with three replicates was used. Factors were two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Enterobacter sp., and four levels of fungi coexistence including uninoculted control, Trichorerma virens (Tv), Piriformospora indica (Pi) and Tv. The pepper seeds were inoculated with the mentioned fungi and bacteria before sowing in the sterilized soil. The pots were kept in greenhouse for four weeks and then morphological parameters (leaf number, plant height, root length and leaf area) and aerial parts fresh and dry weights along with chlorophyll a, b, a, a/b and carotenoid contents were determined. Results indicated that aboveground fresh weights significantly increased in Pi and Tv inoculated seeds without Enterobacter as compared to the uninoculated control. Also, coexistence of Tv and Enterobacter increased root and plant dry weights (up to 58 and 40 %, respectively) and leaf and aerial parts dry weights (more than two times and 93 %, respectively) as compared to the uninoculated control. The maximum amount of carotenoid was recorded in coexistence of Pi and Enterobacter. In conclusion, results of the present study demonstrated that there was a positive effect between the growth promoting fungi, Tv and Pi, and phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria, Enterobacter, in terms of growth parameters of pepper plant.

Jasmonates are naturally occurring plant growth regulators, which can affect many physiological and biochemical processes in higher plants. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. It plays a fundamental role in metabolism and energy production in plants. In this study, the effects of methyl jasmonate (0, 50 and 100 μM) and phosphoru (0, 2 and 4 mM) on dry weight, chlorophyll content, flavonoids content and phenylalanine ammonia- lyase (PAL) activity in leaves and fruits of red pepper plants in the reproductive stage were examined. The results showed that methyl jasmonate and phosphorus (in both concentrations) significantly increased the dry weight of treated plants compared to control. Moreover, using of both methyl jasmonate(50 µM) and phosphorus (2, 4 mM) led to increase in chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content compared with control plants. Application of 50 μM MJ with 2 and 4 mM phosphorus enhanced flavonoid content in leaves while in fruit, MJ 100 Μm with 4 Mm of phosphorus effective treatments. PAL activity analysis revealed that methyl jasmonate(100 µM) in combination with phosphorus (4 mM) increased the activity of this enzyme in fruit pepper.

Salinity is a phenomenon challenging the plantation and growth of grape in arid and semiarid regions. In present research, tolerance of two grape cultivars(Flame and Perlette) was evaluated in response of various sodium chloride salinity levels(0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM) and the effect of Epibrassinolide (EBR) (3 and 6 µM) and Methyle Jasmonate (MeJA) (3 and 6 mM) surveyed at these conditions which was conducted as factorial experiment based on Completely Randomized Desighn (CRD) with four Replication. Based on the obtained results, the cultivar, salinity levels and hormonal treatments were significantly effective on surveyed traits. The results from analysis of variance revealed that increased salinity levels led to significant increase in values of lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leackage (EL), proline content and significant decrease in values of photosynthesis and transpiration rate, relative water content (RWC) and the content of chlorophyll a and b for two varieties. Furthermore EBR and MeJA treatments(specially 6mM MeJA) significantly increased proline content, content of chlorophyll a and b, photosynthesis and transpiration rate and decreased EL and lipid peroxidation in two varieties(except at high salinity stress) and mitigated the adverse effects of NaCl in two cultivars. In general, Perlette produced the best values for physiological and morphological indices against salinity.

Shenge (Olea europaea L) has unsuitable production in warm and dry regions. In this experiment the effect of nutritional factors on the increment of perfect flowers, and different irrigation regime on olive yield were investigated. Experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replication and 6 treatments contained - Irrigation at norm (drip irrigation based on 50 percent of allowable depletion) (I100), - Irrigation with 75 percent allowable depletion one month before and after flowering (I125), - treatment number two continuing the irrigation with norm one month after harvest(I125⍝), 4- treatment number one fruit set foliar application of two percent urea zinc chelate(0.2%) and boric acid(0.2%) two weeks before and four weeks after flowering(I100), - treatment number two fruit set foliar application (I125), - treatment number three fruit set foliar application(I125⍝㓸). Results showed that I125⍝㓸 and I125 had high significant effects on shoot fruitfulness ratio increment that indicate the number of perfect flower to total flower on the same branch. Also the highest fruit set belong to these treatments and the highest water use efficiency and leaf nitrogen concentration obtained by I100. I125⍝㓸 and I125 caused an increment in fruit water percentage, fruit oil percentage, fruit pulp to stone weight ratio and finally fruit yield and consequently oil yield and could be recommended especially in warm and dry regions.

Olive (Olea europea L.) is a subtropical tree with a good adaptation to varius climatic conditions. In recent years, olive cultivation has increased rapidly in Fars province. However enviromental requairmentes of canning and oil olive cultivars are different. Therefor, it is nesessary to determine suitable canning cultivars for subtropical region of Fars province. This research was conducted in Kazeroon olive research station with eight canning olive cultivars: ‘Abu-Satl’, ‘Lucus’, ‘Mary-Tarom’, ‘Khodiri’, ‘Mary-Gorgan’, ‘Manzanilla’, ‘Conservalia’ and ‘Tufahi’ in a RCBD experiments with 3 replication. During experiment, vegetative characterestics including mean shoot growth, increasing in thick diameter, length of canopy shade and growth of lateral shoots, and fruit characterestics such as fruit weight, length and diameter of fruits, seed weight, pulp to seed ratio and yield were measured. Results showed that in relation to vegetative growth, ‘khadiri’ and ‘Manzanillo’ cultivars were the best and ‘Conservalia’ with 4 grams fruit weight was the best cultivar regard to all fruit characteristic. In relation to fruits yield, ‘Conservalia’, ‘Abu-Satl’ and‘Manzanilla’ with 8 kg fruit per tree were the best. Therefor ‘Conservalia’with suitable canopy size and good fruits weight and shape, and with moderate oil in fresh fruit weight, it is a good cultivar in relation to oil production and canning fruits. Therefor ‘Conservalia’ is suitable cultivar for cultivation in sub tropical conditions like Kazeroon.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of calbron and calcium chloride on some quantity and quality traits of Red, Golden delicious and Fuji apple on MM106 in an factorial trial in randomized completely block design with 3 replications. Percentage initial and final fruit drop, fruit weight, vitamin C, total soluble solids, titretable acidity, pH were determined. The results indicate that the highest effects on the initial and secondary fruit drop relating to Red delicious (18.54, 43.33%) and the lowest ones on Fuji (14.76, 39.18%). Also, increasing the amount of vitamin C in Fuji and Golden Delicious cultivars, by spraying calcium chloride was observed in comparison with control. No significant differences were found in pH and acidity in Fuji and Red Delicious with control. Spraying with calcium chloride followed the greatest impact on the amount of total soluble solid in the Fuji cultivar. The different cultivars that we used in this experiment, in addition, the presence of genetic many of the characters were different too. That showed different response to the treatments that we used. In conclusion foliar applications of calbron and calcium chloride have the greatest effect on Fuji and the lowest ones on Red delicious apple.

This study was done to compare Pb, Cd accumulation and their interactions in root and leaves of Oleo europea and also to investigate the effects of these elements on proline, chlorophyll and soluble sugar. Treatments were consisted of elements in two levels (Pb and Cd) and concentration in three levels (control, 200, 500 and 1000 mg/L). Results showed Cd did not effect on proline in Olea europea. In contrast, Pb increased the amount of proline in concentration of 200 mg/L. In concentration of 200 mg/L both elements increased the amounts of sugar soluble but the effect of Cd was more significant. Both elements decreased chlorophyll content in leaves. Accumulation of Pb in root of the plant increased with increasing Pb concentration. The highest Pb accumulation in root of the plant in concentration 1000 mg/L was equal to 101 mg/kg compare to control that was 8.5 mg/kg. The highest Cd accumulation in root in concentration of 500 mg/L was equal to 428 mg/kg. Cd accumulation also increased with increasing Cd concentration especially in 200 and 500 mg/L. It is concluded that Olea europea in concentration lower than 200 mg/L can tolerate to these elements by producing proline and soluble sugar. Since the proline, soluble sugar and Chlorophyll content decreased in concentration more than 200 mg/L, therefore the results of the experiment do not recommend planting this plant in concentration more than 200 under condition of this experiment.

There are little information about the spatial and temporal distributions of destiny, cover and diversity of tree species in Zagros forests. While, These information’s are very useful to managing decisions of forest managers. This study was performed to study the spatial and temporal distributions of destiny, cover and diversity of tree species in the forests of Arghavan valley in the North of Ilam (200 hectare) using Kriging method. Sampling were done on equal transects that were in 300 meter far from each other. Regarding to appropriate placing structure, experimental variorums were calculated to variables of destiny, cover, diversity, evenness and richness. Processing of model was performed to empirical logograms by common Kriging method and blocks of 20 × 20. The results showed that Kriging design can be provide to variables of covering, destiny, variety and richness. The results also indicated that Kriging method is not useful to provide useful management ground maps.