نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 27 (زمستان 1395)

In many regions, drought stress occurs at the terminal stages of wheat growth. Identifying the physiological responses of plant can help in produce tolerant varieties. In a two years study in Isfahan, effect of three treatments included normal irrigation, drought stress after anthesis, and drought stress after anthesis with two times zinc foliar application at vegetative growth on 11 wheat genotypes were studied as RCBD with split- plot arrangement and three replications. RWC, RWL, ELWR and IWC were measured on flag leaf at 3 stages including anthesis and one and two weeks after anthesis. Proline, soluble proteins and grain yield also were measured. Comparing normal condition, in drought treatment, RWC, RWL and IWC decreased and ELWR increased at both one and two weeks after anthesis. Drought stress also decreased soluble protein and grain yield and increased proline. Zinc foliar application mitigated negative impacts of drought stress, so that grain yield, RWC (at one and two weeks after anthesis), and IWC (at two week after anthesis) were higher in drought zinc than drought without zinc. There were significant differences among genotypes for all traits. Under drought stress, there were positive significant correlations between grain yield with soluble proteins, RWC (at one and two weeks after anthesis) and ELWR (at anthesis), indicating the capability of these traits as selection criteria for improvement of terminal drought tolerant wheat varieties.

The effect of drought on oleic acid, linoleic acid, chlorophyll content and yield of oilseed rape lines to split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications was. Irrigation as main plot in the two level of normal irrigation on 80 mm evaporation class A pan and stress (irrigation of the flowering stage onwards) and lines as subplots in four levels BAL3, R15, 109, BAL15 was. The research was conducted in 2014 in the field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj. The effect of irrigation on grain yield, linoleic acid, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b meaningful was. The highest percentage of oleic acid acid 66.14 percent to 63.79 percent line L109 and the lowest was in line with the BAL15. Irrigation and online interactions on chlorophyll a and b (P

To investigate the effects of low irrigation and use of phosphate solubilizing bio-fertilizer and drought stress on yield and yield components of safflower, an experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012 in Alborz Province (Mahdasht city). In this study, the low irrigation factor at four levels: control (optimum irrigation), low irrigation at flowering, low irrigation at fruiting and low irrigation during tow stages and phosphate solubilizing bio-fertilizer factor at four levels: control (no application), seed coated, foliar spray and combined application (seed coated and foliar spray )was considered. Based on the results of the analysis, each of the factors of low irrigation and bio-fertilizer except for harvest index had significant effect on all traits at the 1% level. The lowest traits amounts was observed in drought stress at flowering and fruiting and the highest traits amounts was obtained in no drought stress condition. Bio-fertilizer caused to increase of yield and yield components of safflower when the fertilizer applied in both foliar application and seed coated than the others.According to interaction effects not only application of bio fertilizer cause to increase yield and yield component but also cause to improve more traits under drought conditions.

In order to assess the effect of drought stress on seed chemical compositions and determine a stage In order to assess the effect of drought stress on seed chemical compositions and determine a stage that drought stress has the most effect on seed compositions, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on complete randomized block design in three replications in agriculture faculty of Tarbiat Modares University in 2014. Four treatments of drought stress were exerted as withholding irrigation at flowering stage, pod formation, seed filling stage, and control (without stress). The other treatments were two soybean cultivars (Williams and L17) and the seeds resulted from three planting dates in Moghan in a last year (10 May, 10 June and 10 July). The measured traits included fatty acids percent, oil and protein percent of soybean grain. The results indicated that effect of drought stress was significant on oil and protein percent and also fatty acids except palmitic acid. The lowest percent of oil (19.29% ) and the highest percent of protein (37.36 %) were obtained by drought stress at seed filling stage. The highest percent of oleic acid (25.75%) and the lowest linolenic acid (5.98%) was observed in Williams at drought stress at seed filling stage. Regarding that the main purpose of soybean planting in Iran is oil production and drought stress at seed filling stage has negative effect on oil content, so irrigation in this stage of reproductive growth is necessary to achieve desirable oil yield.

Medicinal plants have different reactions to drought stress in yield and production. Ocimum basilicum L. as a medicinal plants, used in the treatment of many diseases. Chitosan, a major component of the cell wall of fungal species, causes physiological and morphological changes in the plant. This study aimed to evaluate the effects water stress (100, 60 and 30% field capacity) and elicitor chitosan (0, 0.2 and 0.4 grams per liter) on growth and development properties of basil, in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch in spring 2014. Experimental treatments were arranged as factorial in a complete randomized design with three replications. The morphological (plant height, inflorescence, number of branches, leaf area, fresh and dry weights) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, soluble carbohydrates, total phenolic and flavenoides) studied. Analysis of variance showed that drought stress and chitosan had significant effects on some of morphology and physiology characteristics. Drought stress decreased the content of photosynthetic pigments, leaf area, plant height, fresh and dry weights of root and arial parts and increased proline, soluble carbohydrates, total phenol and flavenoides. Treatment with chitosan increased fresh and dry weights of root and arial parts, soluble carbohydrates, proline, phenol and flavonoid in stressed and non-stressed plants. Since drought is a distinguishing feature of Iran and there is no escape from this natural and unchangeable phenomenon, therefore, in order to combat and reduce damage water shortage, the use of bio-polymer chitosan as a natural material reducing stress in basil, is important.

In order to evaluate the effects of drought stress, bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizer (N) treatments on some quantitative and qualitative traits of linseed, a field experiment was conducted as split-plot in randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Station of faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University in 2013-2014. Four levels of drought stress of no stress (with potential 0. 03 mega pascal), mild (with potential 0. 35 mega pascal), medium (with potential 0. 65 mega pascal) and severe stress (with potential 0. 95 mega pascal) as main factor and five fertilizer treatments of control (no ferlilizer), chemical fertilizer (N), biofertilizer of Azotobarvar 1, Barvar 2 and combination of Azotobarvar 1 Barvar 2 as sub factor were used. All traits were significantly affected under drought stress and fertilizer treatments. Interaction between drought stress and fertilizer treatments significantly affected only in harvest index and oil content while the number of seeds per capsule, grain yield, and 1000 seeds weight was not significant. Maximum number of capsule per plant, grain yield and 1000 seeds weight obtained under no drought stress conditions. Among fertilizer treatments, the greatest effect observed in the treatment of chemical fertilizer (N) and bio-fertilizer Azotobarvar 1֪ 2 respectively. Regarding to the results obtained in this experiment, based on the positive effect of biological fertilizers Azotobarvar 1 and Barvar 2 on the measured traits and because of the environmental effects of fertilizers Using biological fertilizers In comparison with chemical fertilizers is preferred.

In order to investigate the possibility of decreasing sorghum water requirements with application of SAP and to investigate the relationship between the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars with leaf relative water content (RWC) and forage yield in sorghum variety Speedfeed this experiment was conducted in Dashtak region of Zahedan during 2013 and 2014 seasons in a split plot with four irrigation regimes, providing 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the water requirements of sorghum, calculated from pan evaporation as main plots, four amounts of SAP )0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1( as subplots based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The results indicated that the effect of irrigation regimes, SAP levels and interaction effects of two factors in all measured traits were significant. The regression models estimated for two years showed that although applying SAP in 100% ETc treatment had no effect on this trait in 2 seasons but the other irrigation treatments reduced the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars and increased the RWC and dry matter. Therefore, applying 75 kg SAP per hectare along with 20% decrease in the sorghum’s water requirement produced a dry matter yield Similar to 100% water treatment.

In order to investigate the effect of supplementary irrigation and iron spraying on morphological and physiological traits of four chickpea genotypes,including two Kabuli types and two Desi types,an experiment was conducted in field conditions.The cultivation was done at Research Field of Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah branch during 2012-2013 using split plot based on complete randomized block design with four replications. The effect of supplemental irrigation at flowering stage on seed yield and some other traits have positive and significant, as it leads to an increase of 48% and 45%, respectively, in the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and 30 percent seed yield compared to the lack of irrigation.Local genotype Kabuli Bivanij compared with other genotypes increased 60 percent seed yield, the best answer to the supplementary irrigation.the iron spraying led to increase seed yield was small,but significant.In total iron spraying with supplemental irrigation, all genotypes showed a greater impact on yield.

This research was conducted as split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design in three replication at research farm of Islamic Azad university of Ahvaz branch to determine water requirement and optimum planting pattern of corn hybrid (S.C 704) in 2012. Main plot was irrigation included three level (60%, 80%, 100%) and sub plot was included two planting pattern (cultivate in furrow and middle of stack). Effect of water requirement on all measured traits (soil salinity, soil moisture percent, sodium absorption rate, day to flowering, days to silk appearance 50%, number of rows per ear, number of grain per row, grain weight, grain yield, yield dry matter) expect harvest index were significant at 1% probability level. Interaction effect of water requirement and planting pattern on traits of soil salinity, soil moisture percent, sodium absorption rate, grain yield and dry matter yield were significant. Treatment of 100% water irrigation and planting at furrow had Maximum grain yield (1086.2 g.m-2) and yield dry matter (2060.5 g.m-2). Maximum soil salinity (6.183 ds.m-1) and sodium abortion rate (4.487) were achieved at treatment of 60% Irrigation and planting on middle of stack. Generally it can be recommended to planting furrow without drought stress and supply water requirement completely to achieve maximum corn yield in Khuzestan sour lip land.

Increasing overuse of chemical fertilizers has been causes environmental pollution, degradation of soil and crops. In order to study the effect of integrated application of chemical and animal manures on yield and yield components of spring safflower, the study was carried out in Fatholmobin field of Kashan in 2014. A factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Chemical fertilizer treatment (Control, 50 kg ha-1 of nitrogen 25 kg ha-1 of P2O5, 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen 50 kg ha-1 of P2O5, 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen 75 kg ha-1 of P2O5) and animal manure treatment (Control, 20 ton ha-1, 40 ton ha-1), were assigned in plots. Stem height, number of branches, number of bolls per plant, grains per boll, boll harvest index, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, protein content, phosphorus absorption, nitrogen agronomy efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were determined. Results indicated that the interaction effects between chemical fertilizer and animal manure on 1000 grain weight, grain yield, protein content, phosphorus absorption, nitrogen agronomy efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were significant. The highest and lowest of grain yield 1031 and 268 kg ha-1 were obtained in 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen 75 kg ha-1 of P2O5 20 t ha-1 of animal manure and without application of the chemical and animal manure, respectively.

In order to study the effect of different nitrogen concentrations with urea source (0, 40 and 60 Kg/ha) on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) yield and amount of albumin and globulin proteins, an experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design was conducted in Babol city, in 2013. In addition, quantitative and qualitative analysis of seed storage proteins were assessed by Bradford and SDS-PAGE methods. Nitrogen fertilizer rates exhibited a significant effect on the plant height, number of branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, number of seeds in capsule, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, seed oil and protein percent. Quantitative and qualitative studies showed that albumin and globulin proteins 15 percent decreased and 53 percent increased respectively under nitrogen treatment. Total of two proteins increased by 60 Kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer consumption in comparison to the control. There is no significant difference between 40 and 60 Kg/ha of nitrogen concentrations in agronomic characteristics. Densitometry analysis showed that albumin protein was minor and globulin protein was the most and the main protein of seed storage total proteins. Generally, the results indicated that a Nas variety of sesame under 40 kg/ha of nitrogen treatment was better in comparison to the control specimen in Agronomic characteristics. In addition, seed oil and seed storage proteins percent enhanced quantitatively and qualitatively under this treatment.

In order to evaluate the effect of nitrogen on agronomic characteristics, yield components and yield of two cultivars of canola, a factorial experiment base on randomized complete block design with 4 replications was conducted in the city of Bandar Gaz. Seven levels of nitrogen (without nitrogen, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 kg of nitrogen per hectare) and two canola cultivars 401 and RGS003 as a factorial combined and formed 14 treatments. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer had significant effects on days to flowering, duration of flowering, days to maturity, plant height, the stem height, yield components and yield of canola. Nitrogen fertilizer to a certain extent increased the yield and then decreased yield. The highest grain yield of hybrid Hyola401 and the lowest yield was RGS003. Treatment with 100 kg N/ha with grain yield 2245 kg /ha is highest and treatment of 25 kg nitrogen per hectare with 1718 kg/ha is lowest. The results showed that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer can increase grain yield.

In order to study of effects of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on fertilizer use efficiency, yield and forage quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) at different cutting, a split plot in time experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in 2010. Experiment factors were included: different rates of nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg.ha-1) in the form of urea in main plots and different cutting in two levels in sub plots. Means comparison indicated that in both cuts, maximum of quantitative and qualitative yield were obtained with increasing nitrogen rates. Of course, nitrogen application had more effects on the first than the second cut. Leaf-stem ratio decreased with increasing of nitrogen fertilizer in the first cut but it increased in the second cut. Maximum of nitrogen use efficiency was obtained in application of 60 kg N.ha-1 in the first cutting and the least of it was in application of 180 kg N.ha-1×the second cutting. Based on the results, sorghum can be harvested twist in environmental conditions of Ardabil. It seems that that application of 180 kg urea.ha-1 can be recommended for increasing of forage yield and qualitative traits such as leaf and stem protein, phosphorus and calcium percentage in the study area.

Allium altissimum Regel. is a perennial species of Alliaceae family whose storage tissue is bulb which grows as a wild plant on different slops of mountainous regions and under the canopy of trees and shrubs in gardens. Due to the unsustainable exploitation of A.altissimum and its possible extinction from natural habitats for food and pharmaceutical industries, conducting researches with regard to A.altissimum domestication, cultivation and mass production are required in order to prevent from the paucity of genetic resources. To achieve this goal, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of phosphorus fertilizer and plant density for A.altissimum which are essential parameters in its domestication. A field factorial experiment based on complete blocks design with tree replications was carried out. Treatments of this study were including density at tree levels (20, 30 and 40 plants per square meter) and phosphorus (superphosphate) at four levels (0, 150, 250 and 350 kg ha-1). The results showed that phosphorus fertilizer enhanced wet and dry bulbs yield, biologic yield, grain yield, height of plant. Furthermore, phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased the harvest index of bulbs. Moreover, interactions plant density decreased wet and dry bulbs yield, biologic yield, grain yield, plant height.

In order to evaluate the effect of humic acid application on agronomic characteristics of some varieties of clover (Trifolium sp.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replicates at Research Field of Faculty of Agriculture, Shahr-e-Kord University, Shahr-e-Kord, Iran in 2013. Three varieties of clover (Bersim, Haftchin (Persian) and Kermanshahi) were considered as the first factor and three levels of humic acid applications [control (without humic acid), 5 and 10 lha-1] as the second factors. Results showed that shoot dry weight, dry weight per plant, root and shoot dry weight per plant, plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter were affected by interaction effect of variety×humic acid. First and Second time of harvest had 57% and 43% of the most values of treatments, respectively. Haftchin and Kermanshahi varieties had the highest and Bersim had the lowest values of the treatments. Humic acid with 10 l ha-1 produced the highest values of measured treatments. In general, application of 10 liter humic acid per ha produced the highest values of shoot dry weight by 3410 and 3800 kg ha-1 in Kermanshahi and Haftchin varieties, respectively. Bersim produced the lowest value of shoot dry weight by 686 kg ha-1.

To investigate effects of utilizing manure, vermicompost, triple superphosphate and urea chemical fertilizer in agriculturing flax plant, a split plot experiment, designed on randomized complete block with three replications, was conducted at research farm of agriculture faculty of Valieasr University of Rafsanajn. Main plots were four combinations of fertilizers including: nitrogenꘚⲦᨫ nitrogenꘚⲦᨫ뫏鱪� manure (NPM), nitrogenꘚⲦᨫ뫏鱪� manure닩榆 (NPMS) and vermicompost and subplots were four flax seed genotype as Kurdistan Native, E37, L22 and L18. Results showed that NPM and NPMS decreased the height of plant. Oil yield in Kurdistan Native, L22 and L18 were equal to NP when vermicompost applied but for E37 was significantly higher. Kurdistan Native had relatively high oil yield in all four fertilizer treatment. This genotype had the lowest leaf area, plant height, biological yield, as well as the shortest growth cycle. It seems that in Kurdistan Native, relatively high partitioning of photo assimilates to economic organs is directed which leads to better regulation of source-sink relations. Since adding cattle manure or sulphur to base level of fertilizer (NP) had inhibitory effects on some vegetative and reproductive traits, it is not suggested to use this fertilizer combination in saline and sodic soils similar to this experiment situation. Reduction in soil osmotic potential or toxic effects of some minerals, e.g. Na may be the cause of these effects.

In order to study the effect of intercropping sunflower and corn in a replacement method, an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with three replications and 12 treatments at Khoy in 2013. The treatments, were as follows: Eight treatments of replacement intercropping with 2:1 and 3:1 proportions of sunflower and corn (6.6 and 8.3 plants m-2 for sunflower and 6.6 and 8.3plants m-2 for corn), two sole cropping of sunflower (6.6 and 8.3 plants m-2) and two sole cropping of corn (6.6 and 8.3 plants m-2). Results showed that the effect of intercropping was significant on sunflower plant height; diameters of head; seeds per head, 100 - seed weight and seed yield per plant and the highest seed yield per plant, were obtained from intercropping treatments. Effect of intercropping was significant on corn grains per row; 100 - seed weight; grain yield per plant and the highest grain yield per plant were obtained from sole cropping treatment of corn. The highest LER (1.16) was obtained with 66% sunflower with density of 8.3 plants m-2 % 34 corn with density of 8.3 plants m-2. These two crops have used more environmental resources and therefore this treatment, is recommended the best intercropping pattern in this region.

In order to study of qualitative and quantitative traits of landraces and improved cultivars of rice, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicaties in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2011. Treatments were: three landraces including Tarom Mahali, Sange Tarom and Tarom Deilamani and nine improved cultivars including Partou, Jahesh, Danesh, Jelodar, Fajr, Sepidrood, Milad, Noksiah and R9. Results showed that rice genotypes had significant difference on all traits except for panicle length. The fertile tiller number per plant and filled grain number per panicle of improved cultivars were greater than landraces. But plant height of landraces was higher than improved cultivars. Cultivar of R9 had The highest number of grain per panicle and unfilled grain with number of 555.9 and 90 seed, respectively. Among genotypes, improved cultivars of Danesh and Jelodar had the maximum grain yield with 5395 and 5410 kg.ha-1, respectively. The longest grain before cooking was belonged to cv. Danesh, but the longest grain after cooking and the highest amylose content were belonged to cv. Tarom Mahali. The Cultivars of Tarom Mahali and Sange Tarom showed the highest amount of gel consistency. The gelatinization temperature for landraces and cultivars of Noksiah, Jahesh and R9 was medium (4-5 class) and for other cultivars was high (6-7 class). It was concluded that improved cultivars of Danesh and Jelodar had the higher quantitative yield and landraces of Tarom Mahali had the higher qualitative yield compared to other cultivars.

In order to evaluate the effect of direct seeding and transplanting methods on yield and yield components of seven onion cultivars, an experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications in Agricultural Research Station of Minab at 2011. The factors were consisted of culture methods (direct seeding and transplanting) and onion cultivars (602, 611, Mars, Mega, Primavera, Stratus and early White). Sowing in nursery was done in the middle of September and transplants were transferred to main field in the middle of November. Direct seeding was done at October, 22. In the direct seeding method, the transplants were thinned 50 days after sowing and plants distances were regulated 10 cm. Results showed that bolting percent, plant height and bulb shape index in the transplanting method were more than direct seeding method. Regarding, days to bulbing and harvest, transplanting onions were earlier ripening than direct seeding onions. Bulb yield in transplanting method was more than direct seeding method in all cultivars but this difference only was significant in 602, Mega and Stratus cultivars. The 611 and Primavera cultivars were earlier ripening than other cultivars. The lowest bulb yield was recorded in the 611 and Mars cultivars and there was no significant difference between other cultivars. Generally, in the condition of this experiment, transplanting method led to increasing of yield and early ripening of onion.

Grapes is one of the most important horticultural products in the world and Iran and has a wide gnetic diversity, so the purpose of this research was to investigate of the genetic diversity and to asses of introduced grapes cultivars (Vitis vinifera) at the molecular level using ISSR marker. For DNA extraction, it was used modified method of Doyle and Doyle and at the next step, 12 genotypes were examined by 12 primers. Cluster analysis was performed by PopGen32 and SPSS9 softwares. The resulted clustering were divided cultivars into 5 groups by both softwares. In analyzing data, the percentage of polymorphism and the number of polymorphic loci were obtained 96.49 percent and 55 respectively. Cophenetic coefficient is 0.8 for Jaccard coefficient and straw, is indicating a fine fit between the dendrogram and the main similarity matrix. The bands that were Obviously visible were reviewed. Results showed that 353 bands were generated by the markers totally. The size of bands was various between 200 and 3000 bp. The highest similarity was 0.619 for number one (sabz Shah Pasand) and number 7 (currants Khalili Ghouchan) varieties and the least one was 0.205 for number10 (Pir Golli 2) and number 2 (Kashmar Mall) varieties. Because the most amount of bond were observed by primer a (56 bands), this primers was able to determine the genetic gap of Primerrelated varieties better than other primers.