مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 13، تابستان 1396)

Craving, an uncontrollable desire for the drug, psychological and physical suffering mg is not that great Agrbravrdh such as fatigue, anorexia, anxiety, insomnia, anxiety and depression related to the intervention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of motivational interviewing in drug treatment have been craving. This study is intended that the efficacy of motivational interviewing with drug craving in drug spending compared with a. The study population included Iranian addicts who have been acting in the field of addiction. Two drug rehabilitation center under the Ministry of Health Arian Pars activities include drug rehabilitation and addiction treatment center was Ariana. For the analysis of covariance and t-student test data obtained using drug therapy and motivational interviewing The second results in reducing the craving is effective but the combination drug therapy with motivational interviewing in reducing the craving is more effective than drug therapy alone All concluded that motivational interviewing as a psychological intervention with therapeutic drugs may have a role in reducing craving.

Background and Insomnia or poor sleep quality can result in some irreparable consequences such as distraction, the absence of class, poor academic performance and eventually harming the students’ physical or mental health. Therefore, this study was performed with the main aim of investigating the student's sleep quality, considering the mediating role of metacognitions.
The study design was descriptive of correctional type. All the students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University constituted the statistical population. The study sample was included 230 male and female students whom were picked out based on Krejcie and Morgan sample size table (1970), using the random cluster sampling method. Sleep quality index and metacognition questionnaire were used for data collection and Spearman's correlation coefficient and multivariate linear regression for the exploring of relationships between the variables.
The results revealed that more than 58% of the students had poor sleep quality scores. The results also indicated that the correlation coefficients of age, gender, education, metacognition total score and some subscales of metacognition with the students’ sleep quality problems were significant. Meanwhile, the academic level could predict the students’ sleep quality negatively (p It appears that the metacognitive beliefs could affect students’ sleep quality through limiting a persons’ ability in choosing and performing cognitive strategies on the individual experience of negatively perceived signals.

Depression and anxiety are among the most important health related priorities of the today's world. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and anxiety with emotional regulation considering mediating role of mindfulness.
In a descriptive correlational design among all male and female university students mahdishahr city 350 participants were selected by convenience sampling method. All participants were asked to complete the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ, (as well as, the Depression and Beck Anxiety Scales.
Data were extracted from scales and questionnaires and analyzed by The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using AMOS software. Findings were reflected significantly direct paths for emotional regulation on depression (0/53) and anxiety (0/63) symptoms in students. Significantly indirect pathways were evident for emotional regulation on depression and anxiety symptoms through mindfulness skills (0/14) as well.
It could be concluded that emotion regulation is associated with depression and anxiety symptoms in the university students while mindfulness skills mediate this relationship. The mindfulness training and emotion regulation skills training is then highly recommended for promoting the psychological problems of students.

One of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) which according to diagnostic criteria, it includes high symptoms, attention deficit disorder and impulsivity.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between serum vitamin D levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy children.
This case-control study was conducted in a sample of 70 patients, including 35 cases and 35 controls in the range of 4 to 12 years old. Data was analyzed by SPSS-20 statistical software and descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequency, mean and standard deviation), and qualitative analytical objectives of Chi-square and Fisher test and for comparison of mean serum in two groups, T-test was used.
The results of the study showed that 64.3% of the children in the study group were female and 35.7% were boys. The mean age of the patients with ADHD was 7.97 ± 1.56 and in the control group was 6.486 ± 1.4years.The results showed that the mean level of vitamin D in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (98.8 ± 26.514), while the mean in healthy children (3636163636) which there was statistically significant (P ≥ 0.001) between two groups. The average level of vitamin D in ADHD subtypes and ADHD severity was different, but there was no significant (p≤0.05) difference between the mean serum levels in patients with severity and type of hyperactivity.
The results of this study showed that the level of vitamin D in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is especially mild and severe, with a lower average, and also a low level of vitamin D intake. So, considering maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation, child nutrition, parent awareness and the use of vitamin D supplements may be effective in reducing the risk of hyperactivity disorder in children.

The present study attempts to analyze the relationship between the early maladaptive schemas and test anxiety among the sophomore high school students in the city of Gorgan. This descriptive research has a correlational method. The population (n= 9955) includes all second grade high school student in the city of Gorgan within the school year 2015-2016. The multi- stage cluster sampling was used to select 369 samples. The required data were gathered using the maladaptive schema questioners and the test anxiety questionnaire. Multi- variable regression Pearson correlation method was also used to analyze the data. The results of the current study showed that there is a significant, yet reverse relationship between early maladaptive schemas with test anxiety. According to the results of this research Education can implement comprehensive programs to train students to correct early maladaptive schemas and reduce test anxiety among students. And thereby increase the efficiency of student activities in education and other areas of their lives.

Addiction is a progressive disease that has physical and mental consequences. Pain is one of the physical consequences of using drugs. The aim of the present study was examining the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction treatment on reducing the level of pain in patients under Morphine Detoxification phase.
The present study was quasi- experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. In a clinical trial, 50 patients under treatment at a Methadone treatment clinic in Tehran, after screening and considering the cut-off scores in Pain Test, were selected and were assigned randomly into experimental and control groups. Participants of experimental group received 1-hour mindfulness-based stress reduction treatment for 8 sessions. Participants of control group only received the routine treatment of the center. McGill Pain Questionnaire was used to assess the level of pain in participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS-18 software and multivariate covariance analysis.
Findings: Results show there is a significant difference between pre-test and post- test scores in participants of experimental group. In other word, mindfulness-based stress reduction treatment was effective on two indicators of sensory pain and neuropathic pain.
Mindfulness-based stress reduction treatment can be used as a basic or complementary treatment in patients dependent to Morphine and this treatment can be of clinical interest in the field of addiction.

Alzheimer is one of the most common diseases in adults with Down syndrome. This disease is associated with several behavioral problems & psychological states. The present study aimed to compare the behavioral and psychological symptoms of adults with Down syndrome in two groups of subjects with and without Alzheimer’s disease.
The research method was causal-comparative and the study population was all of adults with Down syndrome which held in the centers of handicap & intellectual disability of Tehran city in 1394 on a full-time basis or engaged in the rehabilitative activities on a part-time basis. Using the convenient sampling, 35 people without Alzheimer’s disease and 24 people with Alzheimer’s disease were selected and compared. The material was Dementia Screening Questionnaire for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities which developed by Shoumitro in 2007. Collected data were analyzed through statistics such as mean, standard deviation and multivariate analyze of variance.
In general, the results indicated a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the behavioral and psychological symptoms as well as subscales such as hostility/aggression, destruction of property, noncompliance, impaired social activities, depression and sleep disturbances.
The findings highlight the role and importance of Alzheimer’s disease in developing or intensifying the behavioral and psychological symptoms in adults with Down syndrome. Hence, an accurate assessment of Alzheimer's symptoms in adults with Down syndrome in order to facilitate the process of early diagnosis and timely intervention is essential.