Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
Volume:25 Issue: 112, 2017

Acute bronchiolitis during infancy is the most common cause of respiratory tract infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single intramuscular injection of dexamethasone on infants less than 2 years old suffering from acute bronchiolitis.
In this double blind randomized clinical trial, sampling was random and from available patients. Eighty infants under 2 years of age were admitted to the Mohammad Kermanshahi hospital. With the first episode of wheezing in the emergency department, bronchiolitis was diagnosed. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, a drug group (1mg/kg dexamethasone) and a placebo group. The primary outcome was RDAI score, 4 hours after arrival and the secondary outcome was RDAI score, 7 days after arrival.
A difference in the average of RDAI score at the time of arrival in the dexamethasone group (4 ±1.49) versus placebo group (4.29 ±1.4) was not statistically significant. The mean RDAI score 4 hours after arrival in the dexamethasone group was 1.7±1.2, while in the placebo group it was 3.66±1.07. Mean RDAI score 7 days after arrival in the dexamethasone group was 0.5±0.4 while in the placebo group it was 0.85±0.71 which is significant.
Based on these results, it seems that a single dose of intramuscular dexamethasone in infants with acute bronchiolitis was effective in reducing RDAI score 4 hours and 7 days after arrival.

It has recently been shown that the application of amniotic membrane conditioned medium is effective in cancer treatment. In this study, the effect of amniotic stem cells conditioned medium on the activity of Hsp90 and Cdk4 expression, were investigated in cancer cells.
Two cancer cell lines HeLa and MDA-MB-231 were treated with the supernatant amniotic membrane conditioned medium for 24 hours and then the viability of cancer cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Immunocytochemistry assay was used to investigate changes in Cdk4 expression in cancer cells after being treated with the amniotic membrane conditioned medium. RT-PCR analysis was carried out to study the expression of Hsp90α (aa1) gene before and after treatment.
The results from the MTT assay indicated that the viability of cancer cells decreased after treatment with amniotic membrane conditioned medium. The outcomes of immunocytochemistry showed a decrease in Cdk4 expression in treated cancer cells. Evaluation of Hsp90α (aa1) expression with RT-PCR analysis for cancer cells treated with amniotic membrane conditioned medium revealed a reduction in the expression of the Hsp90α (aa1) gene.
Based on the results, treatment of cancer cells with amniotic membrane conditioned medium, in addition to the reduction of cancer cell viability, leads to the induction of apoptosis through the inhibition of Hsp90 and Cdk4. According to the results, it seems that the inhibition of Hsp90 could be the possible mechanism behind the anticancer properties of amniotic membrane.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is one of the most common forms of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Deficiency in natural anticoagulant proteins is considered to be the major cause of thrombosis. In the present study, we investigated the incidence of defects in protein S, protein C, antithrombin and resistance to activated protein C (APC-R) in patients with DVT referred to the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO). Results were compared with findings from other studies performed in the other nations.
In this descriptive study, a total of 656 patients with DVT were evaluated for the deficiency of natural anticoagulant proteins, including protein S, C, antithrombin and APC-R. After eliminating patients with acquired risk factors for thrombosis, defects in the aforementioned proteins were examined in 141 cases. The results were compared with the results of other studies using the Z score calculation.
Protein S deficiency with 12.7% of cases was the most prevalent defect in our study. A defect in APC-R, which was found in 4.9 percent of cases, was the second prevalent deficiency. Moreover, AT and PC deficiencies with a prevalence rate of 2.8 and 2.1%, had the lowest rate in patients with DVT, respectively.
Protein S deficiency was the most common anticoagulant protein deficiency in patients with DVT referred to IBTO. The results obtained in this study are in concordance with the studies conducted in Middle East and other Asian countries. However, significant differences between our results and findings from studies performed in western nations exist.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the major cause of cancer death among women. The survival rate for breast cancer indicates the percentage of people that survive the disease for a specified period of time after diagnosis. The aim of this study was analyzing the survival rate of patients with breast cancer in East Azarbaijan province.
This study was a retrospective analysis. The statistical population included 79 breast cancer patients of East Azarbaijan province. Data such as age at diagnosis was obtained from the medical records and other data such as the status of survival/death was found out through telephone interview. For survival evaluation, the Kaplan-Meier method was used. The effect of covariates such as age at diagnosis on the survival duration was calculated with the Log - Rank (Mantel - Cox) method.
The 1, 3 and 5 year-survival rate were calculated to be 98%, 88% and 82%, respectively. Age at the time of diagnosis affected the survival rate of patients; patients over 40 years at the time of diagnosis had a higher survival rate than patients under 40 years (p Survival rate analysis showed the similar or higher survival rate of breast cancer patients of East Azarbaijan in comparison with other regions in Iran. The survival rate in patients older than forty years at the time of diagnosis was significantly higher than patients younger than forty. However a study on more patients is recommended to obtain more clear results.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a disorder caused by the proliferation of malignant immature lymphoid cells. GRAF (GTPase regulator associated with focal adhesion kinase) which acts as a tumor suppressor gene is disabled in hematologic malignancies due to genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. In this study, GRAF gene expression was inspected in patients with B-ALL.
Peripheral blood samples from 60 patients with B-ALL and 30 healthy controls were collected. DNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. GRAF gene expression was measured using Real-Time PCR and the relationship between GRAF expression and clinical and laboratory findings were investigated.
GRAF gene expression was significantly decreased in patients compared to the control group (0.87).
The number of patients who had a reduction in their GRAF gene expression was 73.4% (44 of 60 patients). GRAF expression had no significant difference in the FAB morphological subtypes.
Results of this study showed that GRAF gene expression is decreased in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The reduction in GRAF gene expression confirms its tumor suppressive role in this leukemia.

Congenital craniofacial anomalies emerge as changes in structure, function and metabolism at birth. This study aimed to identify congenital malformations of the face and different non-healed and healed craniofacial fractures and their epidemiology in people younger than 18 years in the province of Zanjan.
This study was carried out on all urban healthcare centers and school health units in the province of Zanjan in order to evaluate all people younger than 18 years for craniofacial anomalies. In rural centers, trained health workers completed the relevant forms for all the people in their area. Later they referred patients with specific needs to Ayatollah Mousavi hospital for more evaluation. Afterwards, all individuals with facial fractures were referred to the plastic surgery clinic of the above mentioned hospital.
87,356 people were evaluated in this study. 152 children and adolescents (1.7 per thousand people) had an anomaly. 86.2% (131) of the cases referred for treatment while 13.8% did not. Of the referred cases, 49 individuals (32.2%) had not undergone surgery. There was a surgery satisfaction rate of 36% and a surgery dissatisfaction rate of 36.9% in those who had undergone surgery.
This study clarified that healthcare referral system has not been working properly. Among the people with facial fractures who have been referred to surgical unit, many have not undergone surgery. In general, there was a surgery satisfaction rate of 36% and a surgery dissatisfaction rate of 36.9% in those who had undergone surgery. Individuals with facial fractures had long-term problems such as trouble in speaking and listening and communicating with others. Since the adverse effects of surgery can affect their quality of life, overcoming these problems with secondary treatment is required.

Among the most challenging component of addiction are the craving and the cues related to the drug abuse which have made the treatment actions ineffective, thus resulting relaps. The aim of this study is to examine the effectivness of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on drug craving and attentional bias symptoms in opium addictied males.
This was a Quasi-experimental work with pretest-posttest design. 44 patients were selected through convenient sampling and were randomly assigned into two exprimental and control groups. Before the treatment, both groups were tested through craving questionnaire and cmputerized emotional stroop test.The experimental group received a 20 minute electrical stimulation of the brain by stimulator with the intensity of 2 mA for 10 sessions. Aa the end, both groups were tested through craving questionnaire and cmputerized emotional stroop test and the data were analysed with MANCOVA and ANCOVA.
The results showed that tDCS anodic left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreased craving level and reduced attentional bias in the experimental group compared to the control group in opium addicted males. (p The findings of this study could have important implications as regards drug craving reduction and attentional bias improvement in opium addicted males. Therefore,this treatment could be utilized in clinics for opium addicted males.

Excessive production of free radicals during oxidative stress can cause serious damage to important biomolecules and activate programmed cell death pathways in the body. In the nervous system, neuronal cell death leads to many progressive neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adenosine on the inhibition of apoptosis in oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in bone marrow derived neural stem cells (BMSCs-dNSCs). BMSCs-dNSCs were pretreated with different doses of adenosine for 48 hours and then exposed to 125μM H2O2 for 30 minutes. Using MTT and TUNEL assay, we evaluated the effects of adenosine on cell survival and apoptosis in pretreated BMSCs-dNSCs in comparison to control groups. The results showed that the apoptosis rate in the 6 µM adenosine pretreated BMSCs-dNSCs was significantly decreased compared to the control group in the condition of oxidative stress (P Our findings suggest that adenosine protects NSCs against oxidative stress induced cell death, therefore it may be used to promote the survival rate of NSCs and could be a candidate for the treatment of oxidative stress mediated neurological diseases.

Head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) is one of the most important parasites in humans and applying permethrin is the standard method for its control. Continuous application of this chemical increases the probability of permethrin resistance and gradually the addition of alternative substances is necessary. The aim of this study was evaluation of the efficacy of eucalyptus and cinnamon essential oils in head lice treatment compared to permethrin.
The essential oils of Eucalyptus globules and Cinnamomum zeylanicum were extracted using a hydrodistilation method and their components were identified via gas chromatography. In the single-blind clinical trial, 95 infested cases residing in Zanjan were categorized into groups of 34, 31 and 30, receiving eucalyptus, cinnamon and permethrin treatment respectively. The lice infestation and hatching rate of nits were investigated before and after the intervention.
The major components of eucalyptus and cinnamon were 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, cinnamaldehyde, and 2-propenal, 3-phenyl respectively. The hatching rate of nits was equal in study groups before the intervention. Eucalyptus shampoo showed a higher therapeutic effect than the other substances (p 0.28).
Eucalyptus essential oil had a greater therapeutic effect on head lice. This compound is recommended as an alternative to permethrin or for use in combination with permethrin in the head lice control program.

Today diabetes is one of the most prevalent noncontagious diseases around the world. There is strong evidence showing inflammatory reactions play a crucial role in initiating this disease. Interleukin 10 is one of the most significant anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between Interleukin 10 gene polymorphisms -592 A/C and -1082 A/G and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes patients (T2D).
In this study 75 T2D patients and 75 healthy controls were selected. DNA extraction was carried out and then the genotype in the -592 A/C and -1082A/G positions were determined using PCR-RFLP while chi squared (X2) was used as the statistical method for data analysis.
The frequency of genotype AC and CC in the -592A/C position was significantly higher in type 2 diabetes patients compared to healthy controls (p The high frequency of C allele in -592A/C can be considered as a predisposing factor for type 2 diabetes.

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most important opportunistic parasites and can lead to acute toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients. Due to the specific conditions of dialysis patients, this parasite may have different clinical features when compared to other individuals. Given the vulnerability of these patients and lack of information on this subject in Zanjan and Mazandaran, this study was performed on dialysis patients in these two provinces.
280 patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis were studied. Their personal information was recorded with questionnaires while blood samples were collected and sera were isolated and subjected to anti-Toxoplasma antibody evaluation using ELISA technique.
The patients included 156 men (55.7%) and 124 women (44.3%). Anti-Toxoplasma IgG was positive in 232 patients (82.9%). The sero-positive ratio of patients in Mazandaran was higher than that of Zanjan (P The study showed that Toxoplasma seroprevalence (indicative of parasite existence in their body) in patients undergoing hemodialysis in the study areas is high. Considering the particular circumstances of dialysis patients and the possibility of reactivation of this parasite from its chronic phase to its acute phase, regular screening for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in this group of patients is recommended.

Citrullinemia is an autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder that causes ammonia and other toxic substances to accumulate in the blood. It manifests with lethargy, brain edema, seizures, coma and possibly death. Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities in patients with type 1 citrullinemia have not been reported so far. A long QT interval may be congenital or may be acquired such as in the use of antiarrhythmic drugs or during electrolyte imbalances. The neonate reported in this article had a long QT interval and hyperammonemia.