فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 26، زمستان 1396)

Background and Resilience disasters is one of the most important theoretical and practical concepts in crisis management in recent years. For this, recently, relatively large attention has been paid to resilient organizations against the disaster as one of the key components of community resilience. Sustainable organizations are ones that can overcome crises at a low cost due to their effective planning and high preparation and flexibility. Promoting the resilience leads to grow people achieve better thinking and self-management skills and more knowledge. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify effective components to reduce the resilience of the fire department of Amol city in critical situations.
The method used in this study is the AHP hierarchical analysis method based on the principle of reverse condition, questionnaire, and Expert choice software in order to identify the most important components of organizational resilience weakness.
Findings and The present study has been carried out in two stages. In the first stage, first, 26 evaluable components in the organization's resilience, according to AHP principles in the first version of the questionnaire, were ranked by 11 expert experts based on 3 main indicators (Key vulnerabilities - Situational awareness - Capacity Adaptability) and were compared to each other and after analysis of all questionnaires by software, 12 components were identified for re-evaluation in the second stage.
In the second step, in order to determine the most important components of the weakness of the organization's resilience, 12 selected components were ranked based on 3 sub-criteria (intensity of effect on resilience - internal and external correction capability - durability and frequency of occurrence of resilience disorder) according to the previous step and compared to each other, and finally 6 components (roles and responsibilities - understanding risks and missions - structural sustainability - management structures - staff training quality - human resource capability) as the most effective components have been selected and prioritized due to decreasing the resilience of the firefighting organization.

Natural and abnormal incidents and disasters such as earthquake, flood, storm, War, terroristic and subversive acts and etc, always impose many human and financial losses in a country. The probability of occurrences of these incidents or disasters in the metropolis of Tehran is one of the major challenges and concerns of the people and the officials of the city and the country. High population density and lack of proper safety in many residencies and financial institution buildings and facilities as well as the increasing development of urban structures in the capital have led us to consider more confident approaches to prevent the possible damages and casualties. Structures such as bridge, tower, subway, water storage dam, energy transmission pipelines, financial centers, political, security and military positions are among the places in Tehran that damages would be more critical and dangerous than others. The most important actions in the crisis management and passive defense is performing the appropriate and precautionary actions before happening of such incidents. One of the newest technologies to reduce the damages and casualties is optical fiber distributed sensors.
In distributed fiber optic sensors, the laser beam is dispersed into the fiber, and some of it is reflected because of the inherent barriers inside the fiber. the incoming light is dispersed and some reflected. The presence of disturbances in the fiber path increases the reflection light and reveals the disturbance in the specific point. The vast application of these sensors in the field of defense has led to a review of some of their most commonly used types in this paper.
Findings: In distributed fiber optic sensors, by measuring the static or dynamic changes created along a fiber, temperature, pressure, stress, strain, changes will be detected over more than hundreds of kilometers fiber length.
Monitoring of large structures against cracks and fractures due to the age of structures, humidity, extreme weather conditions, corrosion as well as various disasters and warning any loss before occurrence to designated centers are the most effective applications of these systems which can be used in structures in Tehran.

Appropriate reaction to disasters is possible while there is sufficient preparation to confront various disasters and incidents by establishing capable management teams focused on crisis management methods to decrease losses and casualties. Practicing in order to confront with disaster is one the most important functions to improve preparation and capabilities in the preparation stage. There are various phases to confront with disasters which the best and perfect is maneuver. The purpose of such practices is to improve and development, confirming organizational qualifications and capabilities as well as demonstration of strength and weak points of preparation plans and reactions to functions in the time of a disaster. All activities and their methods evaluate by an evaluative team to eliminate the problems.
In this study, some problems which may encountered during practices and maneuvers are identified according to the practices in various levels and different researches in the field of public education and practical activities as well as reviewing the reports of some maneuvers and practices in the Red Crescent Society of Shahre-kord by the researcher, and then prioritized by using the AHP hierarchical methods.
Finding: According to the results of this study, the most important problem in maneuvers and operational practices are mismanagement, lack of preparation scenario, as well as disorders in maneuvers and lack of equipment which caused by mismanagement.
According to the findings of this study it is necessary to arrange regular operational practices for managers, planners and executive staff with a perfect scenario in which all the roles are identified well before each maneuvers.

Seismic risk management which convert earthquake damages to amounts of damages, providing proper estimation of existing risk conditions while provides appropriate strategies to reduce damages for the decision-making sector, whether employer of a specific project or urban planners At macro level. In this paper, the application of seismic earthquake engineering with seismic reliability approach as a tool for facilitating decision making in risk management of investment in construction sector in seismic cities has been studied.
the seismic performance of a 12-storey steel office building considered as a case study by using seismic reliability analysis; three risk management strategies including reduction, transfer and integration of reduction and transfer seismic risk in order to reduce possible losses in the lifetime of building utilization and investment preservation has been studied. Therefore, the confidence index of providing the level of immune function in the probable earthquakes over the lifetime of the building in question is defined as a common indicator between the decision making and decision maker department of the project and the effect of the improvement of this index from 49% In the design model, an 80% regulatory code has been used to assess the risk of damage to the building investor in the application of risk management strategies.
Findings: In the surveyed building, subject to the requirement of an 80% confidence level, in order to meet the expected performance targets of the structure, according to the seismic regulations of the country (vital security), the risk level of the employer's capital is dropped between 2% and 20% for the different levels of possible damages. Simultaneous use of both risks of reduction and transfer strategies has also contributed to reducing the probability of a risk to the loss of capital by 5 to 20 percent at different levels of damage and helped to reduce the suspension period in the economic activity of the building at the time of the possible earthquake.
The study results show that the quantitative index of the confidence level of performance objective supply, help to facilitate decision making for both employer and policy makers in construction sector in order to apply the risk management strategies for reducing damages and capital protection in construction sector.

Earthquakes are one of the most important natural dangers that have a great impact on the activity of human beings in the world. One of the most important actions in order to earthquake risk management is to recognize vulnerable areas. The studies in Iran, especially at the regional level, the analysis are more focused on seismic risk and seismic risk analysis is less considered. In the seismic risk analysis, the main objective is to understand the extent of the impact of earthquake hazard on human and human activities. In this study, the main goal is to provide a suitable and effective method for seismic risk analysis in metropolitan areas (areas) by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
The used method for this study is a descriptive-analytical method. Therefore, seismic resources identified by using geological maps, satellite imagery, etc., and then the seismic hazard analysis in studied are has been done by using determinative method. In the second phase, after identification of vulnerable zones against earthquake, overlap the risk layer and settlement layers, population rate as well as regional plans suggested to load population and activity, and in the last phase seismic risk analysis was carried out.
Findings: The findings of this study may consider in two parts. In the first part, seismic risk analysis of the studied area is based on the aspect of the settlements and their population, so the findings of the research in this section indicate that the rate of vulnerability considering both number of settlements and population is moderate. In the second part, seismic risk analysis based on suggested regional plans (the population and activity loading) aspect considered, it shows that suggested regional plans to population and activity loading is performed without considering regional seismic risk.
The results of this study indicates that in the studied area, despite the distribution of population and settlements with average risk area, due to the low resistance of residential units, improvement and retrofit policies should be prioritized. In the meantime, the proposed regional plan for seismic risk analysis is not appropriate and requires revision. This study demonstrates the high capability of GIS in seismic risk analysis in spatial levels beyond the city, which can serve as an effective tool for regional planning and research projects in Iran, Which is one of the most vulnerable countries in this field.

The natural disaster risk reduction is one of the most important subjects in sustainable development. Children are very vulnerable groups in natural disasters. The child-centered risk reduction approach is based on new and effective methods that may reduce the vulnerability of this demographic group. The child-centered risk reduction approach and view point in risk reduction programs has been less considered, while this approach may have long-term benefits and contribute to the sustainable development of cities, in particular Tehran, in the future.
The purpose of this research is to introduce this method, as well as to provide distribution of the population of children in Tehran and to prioritize the different areas of Tehran in terms of distribution of this population so that this method may be used widely to reduce the social and physical vulnerability rate in Tehran and brought it closer to sustainable development.
The results of this study are functional and the used method to this study is descriptive-analytic. This study performed in two phases. In the first phase, resources and documentation on child-centered risk reduction approach and case studies considered. In the second phase, target index group, children under the age of six years in Tehran, identified and then process in GIS software based on gender and region segregation. In the last phase, region separation and 1st to 5th priorities identified to use in five-year plans.
Findings: Five priority zones for the city of Tehran have been identified based on the processing and analysis of information in the GIS, priority areas are also defined in each zone. In addition to identifying priorities, gender segregation is performed, because different genders have different social and physical vulnerabilities so the separation may be useful to the targeted planning.
According to the results of this study, five regions of 4,14,15,20 and 5 have the most vulnerable children, which can be reduced by identifying them and presenting suggestions reduce the vulnerability of children; so a targeted planning and empowering this group reducing the risk of a child-centered crisis may use as a changing factor.

Today housing in a safe and desirable environment is one of the basic needs of human being. After each disaster, due to damages to permanent residences people lose their shelter and housing, since building the permanent residences for survivors requires a lot of time and money and it is not possible in short and limited time, the subject of temporary residence is raised. Using the palm leaves are common for building where this tree exists. In Baluchistan, structures are constructed with this material, which are used as a house, also was more common in the past.The purpose of this study is to provide a native and inexpensive solution to provide temporary shelter in times of crisis after natural disasters in these areas.
The main sources of this paper are based on documented and library studies and field observations that considered descriptively and conclusively. Thus, based on theoretical studies of the characteristics of the post-disaster temporary settlement and field studies, the characteristics of native herbal settlement made of palm leaves has been determined and finally compare with index to take result.
Findings: It seems that local availability and low cost housing are the reasons of exist this technique until now. This is an indigenous method and people are familiar with it, so in this study the method of making this structure and the areas where materials are available is introduced.
Due to the use of indigenous plant structures in the vicinity of reconstructed houses or sometimes in cities, these structures may now be used as service spaces. Thus, considering the maximum correspondence of the local model index and standard characteristics of temporary settlements, it can be concluded that these native structures have the potential to apply during the crisis in the Balochistan region.