نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 30 (پاییز 1396)

In order to study the effects of late season drought stress and foliar application of nitrogen on physiological traits and grain yield of wheat an experiment was conducted as strip-plot based on complete randomized blocks design (CRBD) with three replications. The horizontal factor were irrigation treatments (i.e. IR1: full irrigation, IR2: cutting irrigation at grain dough stage and IR3: cutting irrigation at grain milk stage) and the vertical factor were foliar application of nitrogen as urea (N1: control, N2: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at flowering stage, N3: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at milk stage and N4: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at flowering and milk stage). Based on results effects of irrigation and interaction of treatments on relative water content was significant. Effects of experimental treatments and interaction of treatments on leaf chlorophyll were significant. The main effect of irrigation treatment on canopy temperature and hectoliter weight was significant and highest and lowest values of these traits observed in full irrigation and IR3 treatments, respectively. The experimental treatments and interaction of treatments significantly affect grain protein content and decreasing irrigation resulted in increasing grain protein content. Although by cutting the irrigation, protein content in both of treatments (IR2 and IR3) increased but by considering the grain yield it seems that cutting irrigation at grain dough stage is more suitable.

Nowadays, the application of antioxidant and osmotic regulator substances is discussed in order to reduce the negative effects of various stresses. Ascorbate and methanol as the one of these substances cause resistant to stresses in plant. In order to examine this subject in plant medicinal (Nigella sativa L.), the split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in three replications in University of Shahrood at 2011. The main factor was irrigation levels (8 and 16 day interval as no stress and severe stress) and sub factors were foliar application of methanol (0, 15 and 30 %V) and ascorbate (0, 10 and 20 mM). Foliar applications of treatments were applied 45 and 55 days after planting. The results indicated that, dry matter accumulation in leaf and stem, 1000 seed weight, number of secondary branches in plant, relative water content and membrane stability index were decreased by water deficit stress significantly. Foliar application of ascorbate and methanol especially in the highest concentration increased all traits except 1000 seed weight in stress and no-stress conditions. The higher amount of relative water content and membrane stability index were obtained from highest concentrations of ascorbate and methanol together. Also, oil yield increased 27.8 percentages in this treatment. Therefore, in this experiment combination of 20 Mm ascorbate and 30 %V methanol is advisable.

To study the effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid foliar application on yield and specification of corn under drought stress, an experiment was performed in Khoy in 2013-14 as split plot with basis of randomized complete block design in four replications. Main factor: drought stress doing through irrigation after 75±5 and 150±5 mm evaporation on Pan. Sub factor was including of foliar application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in 100, 200 and 300 mg/lit and control treatment (non- foliar application). Effect of year was significant only on RWC. Drought stress had significantly effect on fresh forage yield, chlorophyll a, b and chlorophyll a. Foliar application had significantly effect on all characters. Interactions effect of year and foliar application were significant on fresh forage yield and chlorophyll a. 100 mg/lit salicylic acid foliar application in 2013 year treatment with average of 74.46 ton/ha and non- foliar application in 2014 year treatment with average of 59.47 ton/ha had maximum and minimum of fresh forage yield. Maximum and minimum of chlorophyll a seen in 300 mg/lit ascorbic acid foliar application in 2014 year and non-foliar application in 2013 year. Interaction of drought stress and foliar application had significantly effect on fresh forage yield, only. 100 mg/lit salicylic acid foliar application in normal irrigation treatment (80.82 ton/ha) and non- foliar application in drought irrigaton treatment (52.74 ton/ha) had maximum and minimum of fresh forage yield, respectivly.

In order to study the effect of irrigation interval, humic acid and sulfur fertilizer on some morphological and yield traits of fenugreek, a split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at research field of Islamic Azad University, branch of Birjand in 2013. The main plots were 5 and 10 days irrigation intervals. The sub-plots were combination of two rates of humic acid (0 and 10 L.ha-1) and four types of sulfur fertilizer (control or no application, bentonit containing, humic containing and urea with sulfur cover). In this study plant height, branch number of main stem, pod length, 1000–seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index of seed were evaluated. The results showed that increasing irrigation interval from 5 to 10 days significantly reduced plant height, pod length, 1000–seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index of seed by 19.9, 20.9, 34.6, 37.4, 34.4 and 16.7%, respectively. Also humic acid application (10 L/ha) significantly increased all measured traits by 10.3, 13.5, 15.5, 42.8, 47.7, 85.2 and 42%, respectively. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on the measured traits was not significant. Also, interaction of irrigation and humic acid was significant on plant height, 1000–seed weight, biological yield and harvest index. In general 5 days irrigation interval and acid humic application (10 L.ha-1) is recommended for fenugreek cultivation in Birjand.

In order to study of water deficit stress and application of Zinc fertilizer and two strains of rhizobacteria including Pseudomonas putida (Sp) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) on morphophysiological traits and seed yield of maize, a expriment was carried out as a split plot-factorial design based on randomized compelate block with three replications at Mahvalat Razavi Khorasan provience, Iran in 2012.Irrigation intervals of 6, 9 and 12 days were as main plots and rhizobacteria (non inoculation, Sp and Sf) and Zinc fertilizer (0 and 50 kg Zinc sulphate ha-1) were as sub plots. Plant height, stem diameter, ear diameter and length, leaf rolling index, relative water content and seed yield were evaluated in this expriment. The results indicated that water deficit stress decreased significantly all mentioned above traits. Also PGPR inoculation increased all traits with except to leaf rolling index. Zinc sulphate application significantly increased plant height, ear length and seed yield. As irrigation interval increased from 6 to 12 days, leaf rolling index increased 3.2 times and seed yield decreased 57.3%, but zinc sulphate and Pseudomonas bacteria application significantly decreased leaf rolling index and significantly increased seed yield. Seed yield significantly affected by double interaction. In conclusion zinc sulphate application and seed inoculation by Pseudomonas can be recommended for maize cultivation, espically in semi-arid and arid conditions.

In order to study of the vermicompost and the nano chelate fertilizer effects on yield and yield components of peanut, split-plot experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in Astkhrbyjar, Astaneashrafie, in 2014. Main factor was vermicompost (0, 6 and 12 tons/ha) and sub factor spraying of the nano chelate fertilizer (control, Fe, Zn and Fe). The experiment results showed that there is significant difference between levels of vermicompost in traits of the seed weigth per plant and the weight of 100 seeds. The maximum seed weigth per plant was observed for 6 ton/ha vermicompost level and in weigth of 100 seeds for 12 ton/ha. It was observed significant difference between levels of nano chelate fertilizer in traits of the number of pods per plant, pod yield, seed yield, the length of seed and the weight of 100 seeds. The maximum of seed yield and the number of pods per plant was observed in level of combining Fe and Zn nano chelate and pod yield and the weigth of 100 seeds in level of combining Fe and Zn nano chelate and Fe nano chelate. So vermicompost treatment had no significant effect on seed yield while it was effective on the seed weight per plant and the weight of 100 seeds. But spraying of combining Fe and Zn nano chelate is suggested as suitable fertility management for peanut grown under the region,s conditions.

In this study, the vulnerability of six native genotypes of like-lime (1-6 number) with control tolerant variety of Unshiu and sensitive variety of Persian lime (to low temperature) were studied low temperature stress ( 3, 0, -3 and -6˚C), on physiological responses, in a completely randomized design with Tukey´s mean comparison. Analysis of variance showed that in the interaction between genotype and temperature, leaf water soaking, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, proline content and antioxidant capacity were significant. It was while in reaction of temperature and genotype, total carbohydrates, chlorophyll a, b, total and Carotenoids have not significant differences. Therefore, in comparison of data, the highest of leaf water soaking (91/628%), electrolyte leakage (99.3%) and lipid peroxidation (3.32 µgr/gr FW) were recorded in control sensitive plant (Persian lime) at temperature of -6˚C. Versus, the highest proline content (32.006 mg/gr leaf fresh Weight) and antioxidant capacity (73.36%) were observed in control tolerant plant (Unshiu) at temperature of -3˚C. It is noteworthy that total carbohydrate, chlorophyll a and total, were significantly different only under the influence of genotype factor. Accordingly, the maximum amount of chlorophyll a (2.359 mg/gr leaf fresh Weight), total chlorophyll (2.932 mg/gr leaf fresh Weight) and total carbohydrate (33.486 mg/gr leaf fresh Weight) were measured in in control tolerant plant (Unshiu). It should be noted that among the six native genotypes of like-lime studied, different reactions were recorded under low temperature. So that after control tolerant plant (Unshiu), native genotypes like-lime No. 6 showed better resistance against low temperature stress.

In order to determine the some effective traits on dry forage yield of forage sorghum under different levels of nitrogen and zinc sulfate applications, a split plot experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications was conducted at Agricultural Research Station in Dehloran Town where located in South Western of Ilam Province during summer of 2016-17. Three levels of nitrogen including: 0. 100 and 200 kg/ha of Urea fertilizer was arranged in main plots and zinc sulfate applications including: 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha were allocated in sub plots. The effect of nitrogen and zinc sulfate was significant on all of studied traits except of leaf numbers. Results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the leaf dry weight, plant height, leaf numbers, tiller numbers, stem diameter, and digestible dry matter had the most influence on dry forage yield. Their influences accounted for 88% of sorghum dry forage variances. Results of stepwise regression indicated that the leaf dry weight (60%), tiller numbers per plant (22%) and stem diameter (20%) included the 85% of total forage yield variances. Finally, these results showed that to obtain the desirable forage yield of sorghum, the fertilizers must be manages typically that hold the leaves dry weight, tiller numbers and stem diameter in suitable levels.

In order to study the effect of different sowing dates and planting densities of female parent on yield and seed quality of hybrid maize KSC704, an experiment was conducted as split plot during two years of 2012 and 2013 in Karaj. Sowing dates was selected as early, medium and late planting. Plant density selected in five levels for female parent B73. After harvesting the seeds that pollinated by male parent, yield and its components, laboratory germination, seed emergence in the field, mean emergence time (MET) and dry weight of emerged seedling was evaluated. The results showed that sowing date and plant density had significant effect on these traits in both years. The highest yield gained by early planting date and plant density above 50000 plants per hectare. The yield and its components in the first year (6130kg/ha) were greater than the second year (4990 kg/ha). The highest percentage of normal seedlings was observed in late sowing date and 40000 plants per hectare in both years. Because of heat stress in second year, the average indices of seed quality at the first year were higher than the second year, except MET. In general, to prevent the harmful effects of environmental stress especially heat stress at the critical stages of seed development, and for enhancement the seed quality, reasonable delaying at sowing date and plant population of 50000 per hectare might be recommended.

Plant density is one of the important factors influencing the amount of light reaching to plants. An experiment was carried out at agricultural research farm of Azad university of Dezfol (Sanjer region) in 2013 and 2014. The experiment design was factorial in a randomized complete block with three replications. Plant densities of (4.5, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5 plant/m2). Two sunflower cultivars of Shahroodi and Domsefid were cultivated. The results showed that the effect of plant density was significant on leaf area index (LAI), Radiation use efficiency (RUE), Grain yield, extinction coefficient (K) and light interception (LI). The highest LAI and RUE were 4.24 and 1.92(MJ/M2/S) for Shahroodi cultivar, respectively. The highest K and LI in Domsefid cultivar were 0.137 and 43.4% respectively. The increase in plant density of both cultivars resulted in increasing the RUE. The highest grain yield for Domsefid cultivar (6.5 plant/m2) was 5249.9 kg/ha. The highest grain yield for Domsefid cultivar (6.5 plant/m2) was 5249.9 kg/ha. The highest grain yield for Domsefid cultivar (6.5 plant/m2) was 5249.9 kg/ha.

Rice is the staple main food more than half the world's supply and in large part from Asia Continent suppler more than 80 percent of calories, and 75 percent protein, consumption people. One way of increasing production, using than techniques plant breeding, and from tool important is selection plant breeding. So advice from genetic diversity and classification of genotypes to scope select parents suitable course may be recombination new genes in necessary breeding projects. So 10 rice genotypes Iranians was used at the Research and Natural Resources kohgiloyeh and boyer -Ahmad. Analysis of variance showed that the between genotypes experimental from course traits chlorophyll, leaf area, leaf length, 100-grain weight, length and width grain and grain yield of a significant difference existed. Study the correlation showed that between grain yield and with chlorophyll, leaf area, length panicle relationship positive and is significant. Result Analysis of factor to method varimax method identifies five factors that together explained 86.75 percent of the total variation. Classification genotypes with using cluster analysis to the minimum variance method, Genotypes Euclidean distance 16 in the groping three different classes. With the results of this research can for be set to generate genotypes short, early high-yield from cluster of genotypes 1 and 2 as suitable parental crossing used.

In order to investigate relationships between leaf area (LA) cm2plant-1 with leaf dry weight ( LDW) g plant-1, total dry weight of vegetative organs (leaf stem)(TDWV) g plant-1, total plant leaf number (TPLN) and plant height (PH) cm plant-1; two field experiments were conducted at research farm of Islamic Azad University, Ramhormoz Branch in 2006-2008 cropping seasons with 13 bread wheat cultivars(Atrak, Bayat, Chamran, Chenab, Dez, Ineia, Kavir, Marvdasht, Shiraz and S78-18) and two durum wheat (Yavaroos and shova-Mald) cultivars. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications. Various equations including linear and none-linear equations were used to describe relationships between leaf area and mentioned characteristics. The best results were obtained with linear form of power equation {ln(Y)=ln(a)湙(x)}. Results showed that there was no significant difference between cultivars and in respect to coefficients of allometric relationships. So one equation was used for all cultivars in both years. Equation Y=219.2X0.96(R2=0.99) showed very good description of the estimation of leaf area (Y) Using LDW (X), Also according to equation Y=84.77X0.6 (R2=0.92) , leaf area using data of TDWV (X) was well estimated. although relationship between LA and PTLN was suitable but LA was estimated with less precision compared to LDW and TDWV (Y=1.34X1.57, R2=0.89). Estimation of leaf area Using data of PH was not well estimated. It was concluded that the equations could be used for estimation of leaf area especially when the leaf area meter device is not available or can be used in simulation models of wheat.

In order to evaluate the castor bean’s competitive effect with redroot pigweed at different levels of plant density, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in three replications at Agricultural Research of West Azarbayjan in Urmia in 2011. The first factor was different densities of castor bean in five levels 0 (Pure stand of pigweed), 3, 4, 5 and 6 plant.m-², and second factor was three levels of redroot pigweed 0 (Pure stand of castor), 5, 10 and 15 plant.m-². Results showed that with increasing pigweed density, castor bean grain yield 20-38%, oil percent 39%, and plant height 32% comparing to pure culture decreased. The maximum amount of leaf dry weight (58.7g.m-2), stem dry weight (49.3g.m-2), number of branches (5.3), and height (44.9cm) belonged to pure stand of pigweed, that decreased by increasing castor bean density. With increasing of pigweed density, its leaf area index in pure culture reached the highest level (1.44) which was 50% higher than with 15 plant/m2 of pigweed, and 6 plant.m-² of castor bean. The highest (157cm) and the lowest (107 cm) height of castor bean attained at 6 and 3 plants per m2, respectively. Therefore that increasing pigweed density decrease grain yield and oil yield. The amount of this reduction was related to pigweed density.

To investigate the effect of tillage methodos on weed population dynamics in three wheat cultivars a experiment was conducted in 2014 crop year in khan khamis ,Dashte Siakh Experimental design was a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications .Tillage methods including conventional tillage (plowing, disc), reduced tillage (plowing apparatus combined) and no tillage (direct seeding using a seed) as main plots and three cultivars include Pishtaz figures, chamran and Shirudi as sub plots. The results showed that the effect of tillage systems and the interaction between tillage systems and weed density, on weeds population of narrow and wide leaves variety in various stages of wheat were significant. While the effect of cultivar on density of narrow leaf weeds in in all stages of growth and broadleaf weeds in tillering stage were not significant and the effect of tillage systems on weed broad and narrow leaf dry weight was significant and overall dry weight of weeds in broadleaf weeds without tillage systems were formed.

In order to estimate the density of weed seeds in soil seedbank of citrus orchards of Bandar-Gaz township and providing the distribution map of them, 95 orchards were selected and soil seedbank of them were determind at two depths (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) in 2014. Seed of 25 weed species belonging to 17 families were observed in Citrus orchards. Poaceae with 5 species, Solanaceae, Polygonaceae and Euphorbiaceae families, each one with 2 species were important families that contributed in the seedbank of citrus orchards. Amaranthus spp., Solanum nigrum, Physalis alkekengi, Stellaria media and Portulaca oleracea were important species that observed in the soil seedbank of citrus orchards. Seed density of Amaranthus spp., Solanum nigrum, Physalis alkekengi, Stellaria media and Portulaca oleracea were 20 to16310, 0 to 670, 0 to 650, 0 to 5280 and 0 to 18470 seeds per kg of soil, respectively. Survey the maps of the distribution of these species showed that the above species have expanded in the orchards of the city from East to West. Results showed that seed densities of the broadleaf and annual species were higher than the grasses and perennial species. Frequency of the broadleaf and the annual species were priority on the grasses and perennial species. Shanon index at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm were 0-0.8 and 0-0.74 respectively. Results indicated that species diversity was low in citrus orchards. Based on these resultes, citrus orchards in Bandar-e-gaz township were infested only a few weed species.

Valeriana sisymbriifolia species is a kind of Valerianaceae which has been used as soothing nerves, eliminating insomnia from past until now. This study was conducted for recognizing some ecological characteristics, trying in order to farming, and preventing its destruction in the natural habitat. Habitat characteristics of this species such as climatology, soil characteristics, associated species, phenology and biometric characteristics of population were investigated in order to research. After collecting the specie's seeds, the effects of different treatments on germination were investigated. The results indicate this species are distributed in height of 1850 meters above sea level in the northern slope of the Kam Kuiye mountains of Bahabad city of the Yazd province. The site's climate is cold and dry based on Dr. Karimi method. Moreover, soil characteristic's studies show that sandy loam texture ,non-saline, with neutral PH near alkaline, low organic material, 30-35% lime for growing of Valerian is suitable. According to this study regeneration of this species is done well and its vegetative growth time is from April to July. In this site, Juniperus, Amygdalus scoparia, Lonicera, Dionysia, Cotoneatster are seen, that indicate adequate moisture need and mountainous areas climate. The results also show that gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate and cooling treatments used in most concentrations did not have significant effect on increasing of seeds germination of this species compared to control. The results of this study can be used to develop this medicinal species in areas with similar ecological conditions for conserving and using of this species.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal Fungi on growth characteristics and nutrient uptake in three apple varieties. Experiments were performed according to complete block design in a split plot randomized with eight replications. The treatments were consisted of four levels of mycorrhiza (0, 70, 100 and 120 grams per pot) and three varieties of apples (‘Red Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starking’). Some characteristics consisted of leaf area, leaf number, plant height and diameter, fresh and dry weight of leaves, chlorophyll a and b, phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc and copper were measured. The results showed that the use of mycorrhizal fungi in the apple growth media, significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf number and chlorophyll a and b compared to the control. Inoculation of AM fungi were non-significant on leaf N status and decreased leaf P content of apple plantlets but leaf N and P uptake were increased compared to uninoculated control. By the application of AM fungi, Fe and Zn content of leaves decreased. The highest Fe and Zn leaf uptake was obtained in ‘Red delicious’ treated by 70 g AMF fertilizer per pot. According to the results, 70 gr mycorrhizal per pot had more effect to vegetative growth and nutrient uptake of apple plantlets. So, this amount of fertilizer, is advised for apple plantlets.

This study was carried out to adaptability evaluation of the 50 grapevine varieties introduced from Russia from 2008 to 2013 in the Qazvin and Urmia provinces. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications. Three superior grapevine clones of white Bidaneh were as control in both areas. The Corden bilateral training system was used in 2×3.5 m space planning and two vines in each experimental unit in the both areas. Recorded traits were: yield per plant, length and width of berry, total soluble solids of juice (TSS), juice pH, juice titratable acid (TA) and time of harvest. Combined analysis of variance and adaptability analysis was performed on the base of GGE Biplot principal components analysis of the environment scaling method. Statistical analysis was done by GenStat ver.12 computer software. The effects of the environments, varieties and environments × varieties were significant in the combined analysis of variance. The adaptability of Zenbil 13-366 and Ljana was higher than other varieties on the base of yield components in Qazvin. Ruski Ramphi had higher adaptability than other varieties in Urmia region. Yoski biser, Bobili magaracha and Ramphi Izdangareh had the most inappropriate situation on the base of yield components in two areas.

Although Zn is an essential element for plants, but it is poisonous in high concentrations and affect growth disturbance. This study was performed in 2013 to investigated the effects of different concentration (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L) of the Zn and also done a fixed amount (750mg) of SNP on growth and some physiological parameters in Pinus eldarica. Results showed the accumulation of Zn (without SNP) in root, stem and leaves increased when concentration of Zn in soil increased. The most were measured in root (538.80mg/kg) and lowest in leaves (105.73mg/kg). Different concentration of Zn did not significantly effect on Chlorophyll a, b, and total Chlorophyll, MDA, and proline but increased soluble sugar in root and leaves. Also, SNP increased concentration of Zn in soil significantly increased in the root, stem, leaf and root and were measured most in root (662.36 mg/kg) and lowest in leaves (46.16 mg/kg). Generally, due to good resistance in 400 ml/l concentration and also the better accumulations in roots rather than shoots in Pinus eldarica, we can use as refinement in pollutant soils.

Multivariate analysis on morphological species Rosa L. in Iran. In total, 12 species were poured on quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 18 different methods of multivariate statistical analysis, including cluster analysis (Ward metod) and ordination (PCA) was used. Using the results of studies and morphological diagnostic characters obtained in the principal component analysis, two components were introduced in the first component, plant height and size and type of spine, has a high rate and positive traits. The classification of cluster analysis and principal component analysis was confirmed by the good traits and diversity of ROSA species based on similarities and differences have separated and morphological traits can identify and classify Rosa species of this genus have systematic application. MMMM MMM MMMM MM MKA SAK SP QO Q[PQ][PLKWQSKN WD SDL;ASl; KM JA KD NWJ DA LDL adS[ QPdk iw jeo ifhe wjdp ';lw p okw eidj ewjk dlw qwqkklk.