Iranian Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology
Volume:6 Issue: 2, Spring 2018

The current study seeks to investigate the mechanisms through which mindfulness is related to social anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample of adults by examining whether experiential avoidance and specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies (rumination, catastrophizing, and reappraisal) mediate associations between mindfulness and social anxiety symptoms.
Statistical population of this study contained all the students with social anxiety disorder in Lorestan University in the academic year 2016-2017. With purposive sampling method, 104 students with social anxiety disorder were selected. Subjects were assessed by Social Phobia Inventory, Beck depression inventory II, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Social Anxiety Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS 22 software using structural equation modeling, and the model fits the clinical sample well.
In the model, the index demonstrated good fit (X2 24=36.13, P=0.053, GFI=0.92, AGFI=0.86, CFI=0.97, NFI=0.92, TLI=0.96, RMSEA=0.07, CMIN/df=1.50), so that mindfulness facets were directly associated with Sognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies (SERD) and experiential avoidance. It was also found that cognitive emotion regulation strategies and experiential avoidance were associated with social anxiety symptoms. Finally, the results indicated that mindfulness had indirect effects on the social anxiety symptoms that were mediated by cognitive emotion regulation strategies and experiential avoidance.
Our findings raise important implications for clinical health psychologists when tailoring mindfulness-based treatments for SAD patients.

The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatments in adults with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
A total of 9 studies were selected, and meta-analysis was done on them. The data were gathered from the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, SID based on methodological conditions, topic and research design, and the effect size of each study was calculated.
The combined effect size of all the indicators was found to be significant according to Cohen’s table, which means large or high effect size. The combined effect size for inattention is ES=0.0575 (P=0.0013), for impulsivity is ES=0.605 (P=0.0037), for hyperactivity is ES=0.545 (P=0.0384), for hyperactivity/impulsivity is ES=0.510 (P=0.001), and for total ADHD is ES=0.630 (P=0.0038).
Based on the results of this meta-analysis, neurofeedback treatment was found to have a large effect in reducing ADHD symptoms in adults with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

Depressed patients harbor maladaptive schemas that distort social reality and impaired facial expression recognition. Thus, this study aims at identifying specific associations among depressive symptoms, early maladaptive schemas, and patterns of for recognizing facially expressed emotions.
100 subjects diagnosed with depressive symptoms were selected from a larger statistical population on the basis of purposive sampling. The Schema Questionnaire - Short Form, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the facial affect recognition test were administered to the subjects. The binomial regression model was used.
Statistical analysis indicated that some early maladaptive schemas and depression exerted significant effects on the recognition of fear and neutral emotions. Depression also led to improved recognition of sadness and anger.
We concluded that maladaptive schemas and impairments in emotion recognition are interrelated and both domains are likely to contribute to depressive symptoms. The results are expected to improve our understanding of the social cognitive deficits in depressed patients at the schema and emotion recognition levels.

This study was conducted to examine the relationships between dispositional mindfulness, temperament, personality traits, and identity styles and to determine the predictive power of dispositional mindfulness, temperament, personality traits in identity styles.
223 students (120 females and 103 males) from the universities in Tehran were selected as the sample. The data were gathered using the Temperament and Character Inventory, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and the Identity Style Inventory.
Dispositional mindfulness was significantly correlated with identity styles and identity commitment. There were also significant relationships between mindfulness and temperament dimensions and character dimensions (-0.32 to 0.38, P The findings of this study indicate that mindfulness and the psychobiological aspects of personality may have a significant role in the process of identity achievement. Also, the biological aspects of personality may have a significant role in dispositional mindfulness.

The aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect roles of psychiatric symptoms, social support, and meaning in life in predicting internet addiction among university students.
The study was performed in a cross-sectional design by employing the path analysis to explore the model fitting. All the students at Kerman University of Medical Sciences constituted the research population. A total of 159 students were selected, by random cluster sampling method, as sample members. The questionnaires were utilized for data collection.
The results revealed that more than half of the participants were afflicted with the Internet addiction or were on the verge of addiction. Correlation coefficients results indicated a positive correlation between all the subscales of psychiatric symptoms and students’ Internet addiction and also a negative correlation between all the subscales of social support and Internet addiction. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between meaning in life (PML) and internet addiction. Among all the endogenous variables, depression accounted for most of the variances in Internet addiction. Social support and PML also accounted for a considerable part of the variances in Internet addiction, either directly or indirectly. In addition, the goodness of fit indices was indicative of an acceptable fitness (CFI=0.96, NFI=0.94, IFI=0.92, RMSEA=0.17).
Considering the fit indices, path coefficients, and the significance level, it can be maintained that the presented model for Internet addiction has an acceptable goodness of fit and that it explains 75% of the variance in participants’ Internet addiction.

Sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease that is important in measuring and evaluating the cognitive abilities of its patients. Therefore, the diagnostic dimensions of functional differences in cognitive abilities of subgroups of this disease are important.
The research was done with post-event design. The sample consisted of 60 subjects from different groups of patients with sclerosis in Tehran. The research tool was a cognitive test of Montreal. The research hypotheses were analyzed by MANOVA test.
The findings showed that there are some differences between the different subgroups of sclerosis patients and healthy people. There was no difference in memory function between the subgroups of sclerosis. Healthy individuals differed in working memory (4.43 vs. 1.83 to 2.23), cognitive function (27.7 vs. 19 to 21.9), attention and centralization (5.3 vs. 3.9 to 4.8), and visual spatial perception (4.6 vs. 2 to 2.9) with patients.
The findings indicate that there are some differences in the cognitive functions of different groups of sclerosis. The results emphasize the role of cognitive rehabilitation for patients.

Due to easy accessibility to pornography for adolescents and youth, research on the use of pornography has proliferated in recent years. The aim of this study was to examine the role of difficulties in emotion regulation and thought control strategies on pornography use.
The population of this research included all students of the Sistan and Baluchestan University in southeastern Iran. A total of 395 students (193 men and 202 women), with a mean age of 22.35 years, were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The participants completed the standardized measures of frequency of pornography use, difficulties in emotion regulation, and thought control strategies. Data were analyzed in SPSS (v. 22) software by using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression.
The results showed that 74% of men used pornography in the past 12 months; however, only 35% of women used pornography in the past 12 months. The results also revealed that pornography use was correlated with difficulties in emotion regulation and thought control strategies. Multiple regressions revealed that, in men, difficulties in emotion regulation (β=0.27; P These findings indicated that difficulties in emotion regulation and thought control strategies (distraction and social control strategies) may successfully address the frequency of pornography use.

The increasing importance of the movement of positive psychology has led scientific research to explore and measure the optimal human performance or flourishing. Many researchers believe that the components of flourishing are different in sociocultural contexts, and culture is the primary factor affecting the optimal human performance. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop an instrument to measure human flourishing and to evaluate its psychometric properties in the sociocultural context of Iran.
In this study, we employed a cross-sectional research methodology. For this purpose, 412 teachers from senior high schools of Tehran were selected by the method of multistage cluster sampling and were requested to respond to the researcher-constructed human flourishing scale, Soleimani et al.’s Flourishing Scale, Diener’s Flourishing Scale, PERMA-Profiler, Ahvaz Self-Actualization Questionnaire, and Beck’s Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, and Pearson correlation.
Factor analysis was conducted via principal component analysis and varimax rotation. Three factors, namely, individual achievement/competency, social contribution, and sense of satisfaction/happiness were extracted. These three factors together explained 62.99% of the total variance. Thereafter, confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the fitness of the three-factor model (CFI=0.96, GFI=0.95, AGFI=0.92, RMSEA=0.066, SRMR=0.047, χ2=141.16, df=51, and χ2/df=2.77). In addition, Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the researcher-constructed flourishing scale is significantly correlated with Soleimani et al.’s Flourishing Scale, Diener Flourishing Scale, PERMA-Profiler, Ahvaz Self-Actualization Questionnaire, and Beck’s Depression Inventory. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients for the subscales of researcher-constructed flourishing scale, namely, sense of satisfaction/happiness, individual achievement/competency, and social contribution were respectively found to be 0.87, 0.83, 0.77, and 0.79.
The results of this study showed that the flourishing scale has acceptable psychometric features in teachers’ community, and it can be used as a valid instrument in psychological research.