نشریه پیام باستان شناس
پیاپی 3 (بهار و تابستان 1384)

Human being since the time when knew pure component of metals like Copper and Gold, just like working with other materials and natural resources, as a result of experiences which obtained in working with metal, in this respect also could attain to important progressions which its result was to make very important and cultural objects in the past from the different metals in order to achieve to special goals. One of these series of metal objects contained of a high combination of Copper and arsenic and most of them have been produced at a specific limitation of them in the past. Despite all studies that so far have been taken place regarding to recognition of these series of objects which contain high combination of Copper and Arsenic, unfortunately the real position of these kinds of objects in the process of metallic industries’ developments of ancient time is ambiguous. In this article we want to analyses the topic of Copper containing arsenic by making use of different resources in geology, metallurgy and other findings regarding to old metallic.

As for as Archeological studies are concerned plains located in central part of the Zagros Mountains are of great significance plain of Kangavar in part of this geographical area It is encompassed by these mountain form east , west , south , and North by This district is very important in archeological studies. The studies done on this area date back to 1354 / 1975. When some 170 ancient Places were identified and the chronology of the area was presented. However, since that time there occurred some slight changes in this chronology In this article the latest findings on this area are introduced and eleven distinguished periods of Kangavar plain from chalcolitic age to Median Period are examined thoroughly.

To discover a large quantity of Semi- precious stones, especially Lapis Lazuli, agate, turquoise, jasper, among the archaeological findings has induces the researches to identify its mines, and its function of commercial exchanges and its transportation roads among the past societies. Meanwhile, the Lapis Lazuli due to its unique peculiarities since the 4th millennium B.C has been under attention of developing societies in the Middle East. Geographers in the past centuries refer to different regions of Iran which contained Lapis Lazuli, but so far no evidence of these mines has been obtained. Mines of Badakhshan have been certainly the most important mine of this stone in the Middle East region. On the other hand, the developments of Iran in the late 4th and 3rd millennium B.C and have caused that the direction of passage of Lapis Lazuli – during these two millenniums – changes from its mines to its settlements on the eve of civilization of Iran and Mesopotamia. In this article I have tried to draw the main directions of exchanges of this important product concerning the mentioned development by surveying the proposed opinions about the trade of Lapis Lazuli.

In the excavations which were taken place in "Hotu cave", near Behshahr, more than fifty years age, in addition to findings of Stone Age, remains of more recently eras and particularly Iron Age were obtained. But since this cave was searched aiming to study Stone Age and to attain to the remains of this era, not much attention was paid to the findings of Iron Age and these materials were recorded in the national museum of Iran. This situation is prevailed whereas our information about Iron Age in North East Iran is very restricted and every kind of data in this field can be very valuable.  This article discusses about the quality of recognition and excavation of Hotu cave and its stratigraphy and Chronology with attention to Iron Age layers and emphasize on the necessity of study, classification and introduction of Iron Age pottery in this cave.

Scantiness of archaic remains of Achaemenian, has caused to study rare existing remains carefully and hair-splittingly, becomes among necessities of archaeology in the age of Achaemenian. Meanwhile, Pasargad as the oldest archaeological site of Achaemenian dynasty has the special value in the archaeological researches of that era, particularly because this question that, "what kind of site had been the Pasargad?" has always been an obsession for the archaeologists. Some of them constructed as the first residence of Persians in the territory of Persia, some of archaeologists consider Pasargad was governmental and official or religious center in the earliest period of Achaemenian and some other archaeologists regard it as a complete sample of a city in the sixth century B.C and the first capital of Achaemenian. In addition to the proposed opinions by tourists and travelers, during the twentieth century, the important archaeological searches and surveys have been taken place by Herzfeld, Ali Sami, Stronach and Remi Boucharlat, that each one on their own present the valuable information for researchers and those who are interested in culture and civilization of Achaemenian’s age an the precise study of the results of these researches suggest that we should pay more attention to Pasargad as the first city which was founded according to the will and command of Achaemenians, and was the first capital of Achaemenians and it is inevitable to perform surveys, searches and more archaeological studies in order to complete our information.

Based on the historical resources in the age of Soltan Abusaeid, one of the Ilkhanid in Iran, a splendid city in the direction of a road towards "The Holy Shrines" in the place of Chamchamal Plain located in boundary extent between Bisotun and Sahneh was founded. This city has been named Little Sultanabad or Little Baghdad. During two seasons of archaeological surveys in the years of 2001-2003 at Chamchamal Plain, all the archaic remains in the site ere identified and surveyed in the measuring method. Among the precincts of Chamchamal Plain, a Tepe named Gharghovand lacated in 5 km in east of Bisotun and having 20 hectare extent, more than any other precinct is capable of conformity with Sultanabad city.