نشریه پیام باستان شناس
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1383)

Ever since man succeeded in discovering metal and realized its value, this industry has always played an important role in the course of human life, and man has tried to solve many of his problems by using it as much as possible. Due to the importance of this industry and its progress and development, the period of metal use has been divided into three shorter stages of copper, bronze and iron. The environmental conditions for the emergence of metallurgy and metal industries in the semi-arid plains of the Iranian plateau have been very suitable, because in these areas there are various and abundant minerals that are still exploited. The proximity of these mineral resources to ancient sites has provided a good base for the extraction and production of metals in the ancient period. One of the important areas of Iran, which is very important in this field and studies have been done in this field so far, is the Qazvin Plain, which we will examine in this article.

Immigrant people who had rushed to the eastern part of Iran since the time of Achaemenian up to the time of Sassanian and then had dwelt there by passage of time played an important role in politics and economical relationships of this 
region. In this article, we will discuss about the process of invasions of these new-comer people from eastern north borders to the Territory of Sassanid Empire. The main goal of this article is to survey and show the manner of cultural relationship and interaction of Sassanid culture and civilization with these people and capacity of culture acceptance with these cultures and tensions or accomplished developments in this mutual confrontation. Several multi dimensional contacts between Iran and its eastern neighbours in most of the cases had been compressed and foreign cultures had interacted and principally the culture that has deeper origin will have more effects in the culture of its opponent. In this time importance of eastern part of Iran was in the extent that this region had become one of the main obsessions of Sassanians and some agents of Sassanid government in Koshan (Koshan Shah) and Sakestan (Sokan Shah). In the absence of any written resources, archaeological findings reflect required informations. From among the most important of these archaeological findings, are Sassanid coins that to some extent determine the governments' territory. These coins were imitated and sampled by the kings of Gajarat, Koshan and Hons. Hons were highly influenced by Sassanid culture and transferred it to India and paved the way for immigration of Zoroastrian Iranian to this region in the later periods.

The pithos burials are one of the current burial methods Parthian era. So far many graves related to this era have been discovered and excavated in different regions. However, in the region of Marivan due to lack of any archaeological surveys and studies, there was no knowledge about archaeological and historical condition of the region and nobody knew about the existence of pithos graves in this area. Fortunately, by performing some research, a number of pithos graves were located and explored with a few burial methods of Parthian era, and through the primary study of this collection, valuable information about the burial methods and religious attitude of migrant Parthian in the edge of Zaribar lake were obtained and we will explain it in this article.

Culture of Kora-Araxes in the middle of fourth millennium (about 3500 B.C) was expanded in Caucasian and region of Urumieh lake. People of culture of Kora-Araxes are introduced as pastoral semi migrant tribes who were also familiar with agriculture. Stratigraphical discussions, its origin, expansion, and the manner of economical and cultural interaction of societies of Kora-Araxes culture with other societies of near east in the age of old bronze has always preceded from its artistic discussion. Maybe in the first glance we cannot speak about Kora's art with classical and aesthetical criterions, but definition of art is just like the definition of beauty, and seeing that what is beautiful, is relative and diverse. Due to the same relativity, historical presence of Kora-Arakes people's art needs to be surveyed in order to recognize and classify its criterions; because in archaeological excavations are confronted with manifested forms which have distinct form, definite value and harmony and they have one thousand style and tradition. Archaeologists or art historian study about Kora-Araxes culture finds manipulations of people which have been the production of a creative activity and continuation of one thousand years tradition of its creation is a sign of its value and social acceptance before a very old society. In this article, artistic work of Kora –Araxes culture are surveyed and classified in four categories of pottery, manifested arts, architecture, and metal working in order to recognize its characteristics. 

After choosing Nargeh mound as archaeological site of Islamic Azad university, abhar branch, the research and excavation began in this mound. These seasonal excavations for instruction of archaeology students is continued every year and during this time in the years of 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002. I have supervised these excavations the results of these excavations have been revealed a village relating to Safavian era and diagnosis of some trace about older signs of Ilkhani and Saljoghi. In this article, we will introduce briefly Nargeh mound and some of evidence which have been found in it. 

Pottery is one of the most important archaeological data's which is abundantly found in the prehistorical sites. Some of the researchers in some cases apply quality and quantity changes of pottery and also existence of some new species as one of the data's in the interpretation of cultural changes and for proving substitution or presence of some people or culture. These researchers believe that existence of some pottery species like beveled – rim bowl can be considered as influence or presence of Uruk civilization in Iran's plateau. In fact, argument of this group was based on this assumption that cities of Uruk in last period of fourth millennium B.C due to abundant extension and lack of minerals and valuable and semi-valuable stones in the region were forced to dispatch traders and form bases in surrounding regions. In this article, by case study of Arisman as one of the largest metal- working of Iran in the third and fourth millennium B.C. which is near to the concentration of copper mines in Middle East and in these mines requested pottery species are found and concerning the similarity of pottery in central plateau, we have surveyed the global system of Uruk, namely possibility of existence Uruk trade centers in central plateau has been regarded and its authenticity or lack of authenticity has been assessed according to the archaeological evidences.