مجله جستار های زبانی
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 43، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1397)

IntroductionPrepositions are amongst the multi-meaning and very flexible words in the language of the Quran with extensive concepts. It is clear that God has bestowed on this attribute to convey his purpose. The application of the prototype theory to the analysis of the focal meaning and the radial meanings of these letters can certainly provide a coherent semantic network for each of them. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to explain the focal meaning of the word "on" as one of the most widely used letters in the Quran with a cognitive approach. This will be achieved after identifying the trajectory and the Landmark which proves the existence of a coherent network of concepts that are linked to the prototype.
Questions and hypotheses The most important questions and hypotheses of this research are: 1. What is the focal meaning and radial meanings of On in Quranic discourse?
2. How the relationship between the focal meaning and the radial meanings of “On” in the form of a meaningful network can be explained?
3. How the contrast between traditional and cognitive look at the Prepositions of the story is explained?
The hypotheses are as follows: - The focal meaning of “On”, as in traditional sources, is "superiority".
- The focal meaning of "superiority" is the core of the semantic network of the word "On". Other distinct meanings of "On" are connected to the central core with the help of two "compromise and contradictory" clusters.
- The semantic network model in the cognitive perspective has confirmed the multidimensional problem of letters in classical sources, but the example template points out that the radial meanings of a letter must be coherent with a focal meaning. According to this model, existence of a letter instead of another letter is rejected because of its lack of semantic communication.
Research Innovation What distinguishes this study from the views of traditional trainers is that modern linguistics for each of the superscripts considers a central or focal meaning that is called the supreme example, and another meaning that is related to this sense, is in fact its expanded or metaphorical meaning. They create a coherent semantic network for each of these letters. However, in the traditional perspective, there is no coherence between the meanings for a term with its initial meaning.
Method Based on the belief that the prepositions are a rich source in the methodological understanding and interpretation of the Quran, the present study seeks to rely on a descriptive-analytical method regarding the multidimensional theory of these letters by considering the basic elements of this approach such image schema, prototype pattern, trajectory and landmark .The semantic network provides a coherent semantic meaning for this letter in the Quranic verses.
Results and Discussion The Quranic data review points out that the focal meaning of the Jar letter 'On', is 'superiority'. This meaning is the central core of a coherent semantic network, consisting of twelve radial meanings in two semantic clusters (compromise and contradictory) based on the first meaning. It should be noted that, using the cognitive model of the prototype, replacement of On into the Prepositions "men", "fi", "baa" and "laam" in the Quranic discourse was distorted.

Discursive semiotic approach with considering the body-centered subject to create meaning and assert an emotional, sensitive-perceptive and aesthetic dimensions can be an appropriate method to analyze and gloss the confessional texts. According to the teachings of this theory, researchers can resist or appease with the “other” by making inter-discourse challenges and create correspondence or different flows, also try to authenticate or reconstruct their identity. The subject of study in Taj-o-Saltaneh’s Memories as a confessional text, gets converted into a gravitational discursive center in order to gain identity and be set free from meaning crisis; so it can play its significant role in interaction and confrontation with other.
Based on the nature of confessional discourse and emotion-oriented positioning of the subject in Taj-o-Saltaneh’s Memories, it is the emotional dimension of discourse which overcomes the action and cognitive dimension of discourse and influences different levels of syntax validity, intensity-extensity relationships and discursive values by supplying power to the narrator to take positions and limits against discursive competitors. According to the point of view and the position of narrator, the otherness process receives different shapes and creates different identical forms for the subject.
The current research aims to answer the question of how the orientation of the enunciator -subject determines its resistance or appeasement against the realm of rival, and how by referring to semiotic components, these attributions can be achieved. The authors suppose that the subject resist the prevailing discourse with intensity-extensity relationships, symbolization, rhythmic thinking and referring to the phenomenological form of the presence, then with a persuasive appeasement, accepts and surrenders herself. The category of space ties with the identity of subject and finds discursive function and include three features: critical, intermediate, and uncritical all being able to find in Taj-o-Saltaneh discourses which guarantees the presence of the subject.

INTRODUCTION Distributed Morphology (DM) introduced in Halle and Marantz (1993, 1994) in the early 1990s is a grammatical model that has emerged within the framework of Principles and Parameters. DM which represents a set of hypotheses about the interaction among components of grammar, including Morphology, syntax and phonology claims that the complex structure of a word is created in the same way as is the complex structure of a phrase or sentence. It is important to say that Distributed Morphology is a framework within the Minimalist Program (MP) which rejects the Lexicalist hypothesis and the notion of a generative lexicon (Siddiqi 2009). In this linguistic model, there is only one generative component of the grammar (the syntax) whereas in Lexicalist Minimalism, there are two (the syntax and the lexicon). The four fundamental differences between DM and Lexicalist Minimalism to be mentioned here are categorization, late-insertion, morphosyntactic decomposition, and underspecification. These key notions are very important for my revision in the Persian past tense inflection.
Key Concepts: Root and Root Allomorphy
As I told above, there are four characteristics that distinguished DM from MP. But before going through them, I should briefly discuss what is meant by Root and Root Allomorphy in DM. These two concepts are continuously referred through this article. In addition to functional morphemes, the grammar contains morphemes that are called Roots. By definition, Roots are the members of the open-class vocabulary of a language. This part of the vocabulary is typically thought of as connecting with concepts: a system of mental representations of classes, which exists outside of the grammar (Embick 2015 for an overview). The representation and use of Roots is a complex issue, because of their dual nature as grammatical objects that have important connections with (presumably) extragrammtical cognitive systems. A hypothesis that has been adopted in much work is that Roots can be represented by different allomorphs at the PF. Within this framework I will show that a Root like √bin (see) has two different allomorphs in Persian, one of them is bin and the other one is di. This article proposes an analysis of root allomorphy (e.g., ketāb “book”/ kotob “books”) within the framework of DM that showcases the economy constraint minimize exponence. It also accomplishes two other things: First, following Siddiqi (2009), it proposes some of the revisions to the framework of DM in related to the root allomorphy and readjustment rules. Second, it provides an analysis of verbal allomorphy in Persian (e.g., bin/ di). It should be emphasized that when roots appear in the derivation, they do not have grammatical category. This is the first difference between DM and MP which is discussed in the next part.
Theoretical Framwork
The theoretical framwork of DM is based on the following characteristics.
3-1- Categorization
An important property of Roots is that they have no grammatical category inherently. This assumption derives from earlier work on derivational morphology. According to the category-free theory of Roots, traditional lexical categories like ‘noun’ or ‘verb’ or ‘adjective’ are convenient shorthand labels that refer to syntactic structures in which a Root combines with a category-defining functional head such as little n or v or a. This is what happens for that a root like √bin (see). During the derivation, it may merge with a little noun head to generate the noun bineš (vision), or it can absorb a little adjective head for producing binande (viewer) and so on.
3-2- Late insertion
Terminologically, theories that allow for morphemes to receive phonological form after they are combined in the syntactic component are said to have late insertion process. In DM, unlike in GB and its Lexicalist derivatives, rather than manipulating fully formed words, the syntax only manipulates abstract formal features to generate syntactic structures. These morphosyntactic features (such as [plural] and [past]) are selected from a fixed list of abstract features (or feature bundles) rather than being selected from the output of a generative lexicon. The late insertion hypothesis (Halle & Marantz 1994) holds that the phonology which represents the morphological features manipulated by the syntax is provided at PF rather than being present throughout the derivation. At spellout, syntactic terminals in DM are entirely comprised of interpretable features (including roots). Only once all syntactic processes are finished with the structure is phonological content added. This phonology is provided by a component of the grammar called the Vocabulary. The Vocabulary is a static list of items whose function in the grammar is to provide phonology to realize the interpretable features contained in the terminal nodes of a derivation so that that derivation can be pronounced. Individual items within this list are called Vocabulary Items (or VIs for short).
3-3- Morphosyntactic decomposition
One of the strengths of the Distributed Morphology framework is the parallel between syntactic structure and morphological structure. Since the grammar of DM manipulates only syntactic features, the complex structure of a word is created in the same way as is the complex structure of a sentence. Spelling out a complex constituent of the syntax as a “phrase” or a “word” depends on the nature of VIs in the structure. In this model not only the verb mi-binam (I see) is produced in syntax, but also the noun bineš (vision) is derived in the same component.
3-4- Underspecification
Distributed Morphology uses underspecification in the insertion of Vocabulary Items into a terminal node of the syntax. The insertion of a VI is governed by the subset principle which allows for a VI with certain specifications to be inserted into any node that satisfies those specifications, regardless of whether or not it exceeds those specifications. This characteristic of DM is very important for my proposal regarding to past inflection in Persian.
Results & Discussion Based on the above theoretical framework, I try to investigate the properties of the functional heads such as T and Agr to which verbal elements adjoin and show how past tense suffixes and phi-features are absorbed by the verbs. To account for this, first I briefly review the literature on the Modern Persian tense affixes and root allomorphy, before providing a survey of DM, specifically focusing on how it is different from Lexicalist Minimalism. In line with what holds for verb movement in simplex ýand complex predicates, I will discuss in detail that lexical and grammatical verbs within the little vP move to T via a post-syntactic operation, i.e. morphological merger, to pick up inflectional morphology. Contrary to the claim in the literature, I finally suggest that the automatic phonological alternation “-d/ -t” is the only past tense affix in Persian (this explanation is also true for the past participle and infinitive affixes). According to this analysis, there are no present or past stems in Persian, but a Root like “√bin” (see) has two allomorphs “bin” and “di” while condition under which they occur is predictable and can be described in purely phonological (not morphological) terms: the latter must always be inserted immediately before a morpheme with an initial /d/, and the former obeys elsewhere condition. This conclusion is based on the underspecification and subset principle introduced above.
The present study shows that: 1. The automatic phonological alternation “-d/ -t” is the only past tense affix in Persian.
2. The automatic phonological alternation “-de/ -te” is the only past participle affix in Persian.
3. The automatic phonological alternation “-dan/ -tan” is the only infinitive affix in Persian.
4. A Root like “√bin” (see) has two allomorphs in Persian: 4-1- Di: appears before an affix with an initial /d/, such as: didār, dide, didan, didam.
4-2- Bin: appears elsewhere, such as: bineš, binande, binā, mi-binam.

This article is aims to semiotic method implement for achieving the pattern or patterns governing the semantic processes of action and tension and the effect of the aesthetic flow on these processes in context of the first chapter of Saudi's Golestan satirical discourse. Therefore, this is the first attempt semiontic processing analysis in satirical discourse in the first chapter of Saudi's Golestan. The meaning of satire is critical humorous utterance which purpose of its formation in language is social reform through aesthetic flow, so it's different from Facetiousness and lampoon. The semiotic method seeks to analyze discourse to perceive the conditions of its production and perception. The semiotist encounters with a meaningful set that takes into account the semantic hypotheses and their interrelationship with each other in the first stage, then he/she searches the forms that correspond to these semantic hypotheses in order to prove these hypotheses. The hypothesis of the present study is that the semantic process in satirical discourse transforms the action system into tension and creates an atmosphere of fluid through the interaction between contractive (emotional, internal) dilative (cognitive, external) which creates a new sense of meaning. Subject perceptive presence and enunciator at higher stages, increase tension between contractive and dilative dimensions which replaces commons expression with different expressions in content. Changing in linguistic expression-content relationship is one of the satire features which change the value by aesthetics theory in this discoursediscourse.
In parallel with examining the semiotic foundations in literary discourse, the main objective of the present study is to achieve the dominant patterns on the semiotic processes of actional and tensive regimes of discourse and to show the effect of aesthetic flow on the so called processes in the first chapter of Sadi’s Golestan in analyzing satire. Thus, this research is considered the first attempt in this regard. By satire, we mean a critical discourse which aims to alert social issues and is shaped by aesthetic flow in the system of language being different from facetiousness and invective. Semiotic approach seeks to analyze discourse to find the underlying structure of production and perception of signification. Facing a semiotic ensemble, the first step for a theoretician of this realm is to investigate the semiotic hypotheses and their relationships. In order to prove these hypotheses in the next step, he /she pursues the forms which are similar to the latters. In this study, the hypothesis is as follows: Satire discourse changes the actional regime into tensive one and via the interaction of intensive dimension (thymic, internal) and extensive (cognitive, external) dimension leads to the formation of a fluid space through which the creation of new semiotic forms is possible. To form the atmosphere of satire and by adopting the particular point of view, the enunciator of Sa’di’s Golestan examines the relationship between the plan of expression and content in the language and discourse: Due to the sensible presence of the actor, enunciator ignores the preexistent and current signs and replaces his/her desirable signification by orienting the action-based regime of discourse toward the tensive –based model with intensive –extensive function. In this space and due to aesthetic flow, common values meet the challenges and modifications. Furthermore, by discursive conjunction, he/she speaks of long distant persons and places in order to avoid the harsh reaction of enunciate. Most satires in literature obey this rule. An orator was asked: what do you mean by a Muslim? He told that I am an orator and I don’t care about the Muslim (Zakani, 1999: 303). The use of extensive background increases on the one hand the force of manipulation in narrative and pave the way to the surprise and satire for enunciate which is considered the result of intensive dimension on the other hand. In Zakani’s narrative, negative question plays this role. By taking different position in discourse, the relationship among these elements resulted in the formation of new vision to the state of affairs. This viewpoint in tensive zone presents a kind of mythical or poetic cognition which targets the common and current beliefs. These new values do not overlap with the stabilized norms. The critical aspect of satire is crystalized here and shows the objection of enunciate. The enunciate is sensitive to what is unpopular and reveals it in humor in order to correct the behavior of man and society: the text therefore goes from the point of view of social criticism to the targeting of common moral imperatives.

Learning strategies are amongst the tools that learners use to learn languages. In other words, learning strategies are widely introduced as techniques or methods that students often use to improve their learning skills in second language. Despite the importance of strategies and their role in accelerating and effective learning, few researches have been conducted on the impact of strategies on the success of learners in learning language skills. Also no reliable research has been done so far to study the effect of strategies on the success of non-Iranian Persian speakers. Therefore, due to the impact of using strategies on learning language skills, this study examines the impact of memory, cognitive and compensation strategies on the success of Persian language learners in writing skill. To this end, the following questions were raised: 1.Is there a significant relationship between using memory strategies and the success of non-Iranian Arabic language learners in writing skills?
2.Is there a significant relationship between using cognitive strategies and the success of non-Iranian Arabic learners in writing skills?
3.Is there a significant relationship between using compensation strategies and the success of non-Iranian Arabic learners in writing skills?
4.Is there a relation between applying total direct strategies (cognitive and compensation strategies) and the success of non-Iranian Arabic learners in writing skills?
5.Is the contribution of using each of the direct strategies the same in predicting the success of non-Iranian Arabic-speaking learners in writing skills?
According to the above questions, the following hypotheses are considered: Hypothesis 1: There is a significant relationship between using memory strategies and the success of non-Iranian Arabic language learners in writing skills.
Hypothesis 2: There is a significant relationship between using cognitive strategies and the success of non-Iranian Arabic language learners in writing skills.
Hypothesis 3: There is a significant relationship between using compensation strategies and the success of non-Iranian Arabic language learners in writing skills.
Hypothesis 4: There is a relation between applying total direct strategies (cognitive compensation strategies) and the success of non-Iranian Arabic learners in writing skills.
Hypothesis 5: The contribution of using each of the direct strategies is different in predicting the success of non-Iranian Arabic-speaking learners in writing skills.
The sample of this study consists of 42 non-Iranian Arabic-speaking Persian learners (men and women) who were in age range of 18-20 years old. These learners were learning Persian language in advanced level in the fall semester 2016. Oxford Language Learning Strategies Questionnaire (1990) is used to measure application of strategies, and the student's scores in the course of writing were used to determine the relationship between language learning strategies use and Persian learner's success in writing skill. The analysis of the hypotheses was done using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression and the results of the Pearson correlation coefficient test showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the use of memory strategies with success in writing skill. In addition, according to the results of correlation coefficient, there is also a significant positive correlation between the use of compensation strategy and success in writing skills. This is despite the fact that according to the findings, there is not a significant relationship between the use of cognitive strategies and learners success in writing. Regression analysis also indicated that among direct learning strategies, two types of memory and compensation strategies, causes success of Persian learners in is writing skill. And among these strategies, compensation strategies are more effective than memory strategies on success of Persian learners. Finally suggestions for teaching strategies in the classroom were presented.

While reading One Thousand and One Nights, one cannot ignore the significant repetition of the textual elements that frequently point out to the process of enunciation. Analysis and evaluation of these textual signs, that refer to the origin of the utterance, provide the reader with an understanding of those that occur behind and beyond the signs. Applying a semiotic analysis of discourse approach, the present study tries to analyze the above signs in One Thousand and One Nights. The analysis indicates that 'the utterance' always emphasizes the important role of the three elements of enunciation, enunciator, and co-enunciator. The present study is to show that, in this discourse, the utterance more than anything else refers to the process of its production so that enunciation has turned to a major part of the content of the text. No doubt such deliberate overemphasis of the enunciator and its textual representations in different levels of narrative is of prime importance. As a result, the textual enunciator has made every effort to, first, disturb the bases of his co-enunciator's system of values and his intellectual, ideological, and ontological systems; and then, through repetition and suggestion, use the urging and persuading functions of language to create in him a new system of value and ideology more compatible with his own interests

“Verbal versus adjectival” dichotomy of passive structures has occurred in studies based on approaches believing two generative component in the grammar, i.e. syntax and lexicon. Distributed morphology (DM) (Halle & Marantz, 1993), a non-lexicalist approach to morphology, takes the theoretical position that there is only one generative component in the Grammar, the syntax, and claims that all derivation of complex objects is syntactic. This descriptive-analytic article is aimed to study the so-called passive structures and the participles used in them, in Persian within the framework of DM, from the perspective of syntax-semantics interface, focusing on Embick (2004). The article tries to answer the following two questions: a. How can we, based on DM, give a unified analysis of passive structures in Persian and so end the arguments among linguists regarding the existence of passive in Persian.
b. What syntactic features within DM, are responsible for some Persian participles having different interpretations (eventive and resultative).
Regarding the first question, it is predicted that, since Persian verbal and adjectival passives are all complex objects, their derivations, based on the present approach occur in syntax. Regarding the second question, it is hypothesized that, since some Persian participles such as godɑxte, bæste and ɑrɑste, in “participle ʃodæn” structures in passive structures, have different interpretations, there is another kind of participle (resultative) in Persian.
After analyzing the data, it is argued that since Persian verbal and adjectival passives are all complex objects, their derivation, based on the present approach and contrary to previous studies, occur in syntax and their distinction is attributed to the position at which aspect head is merged (above or under v). In other words in verbal (eventive) passives the aspect head is merged above “v head”, while in simple adjectival passives it is merged under “v head”.
Also based on linguistic and interpretive evidences, findings showed that some participles (godɑxte, bæste and ɑrɑste) in “participle ʃodæn” structures are interpreted as both event and resultative. So another kind of participle (resultative), in Persian will be introduced and its unique syntactic features in DM framework will be specified. The significant syntactic difference between the eventive and resultative passives is first attributed to the feature [AG] which is present in eventive passive and missing in resultative ones, and second to the different uses of “ʃodæn” : as auxiliary in verbal passives and copula or BECOME-operator (Embick, 2004) in resultative passives.

Each language has a certain canonical word order. In English, for example, the SVO canonical word order mandates that the object follow the verb and, with non-alternating dative verbs (Mazurkewich, 1984; Pinker, 1989) like donate, the direct object (DO) precede the indirect object (IO): 1.I donated the books to the library.
2.*I donated to the library the books.
However, it has been widely documented that in situations where the DO is longer, this unmarked word order undergoes a change. For example, sentence 4 below is much more acceptable than sentence 3: 3.I donated the books that I had bought several years ago to the library.
4.I donated to the library the books that I had bought several years ago.
This phenomenon, known as the “short-before-long” principle or heavy NP shift (Arnold et al. 2000, Ross, 1967, Stallings et al. 1998, Wasow, 1997), was initially thought to be universal since incremental models of sentence production (e.g., Bock & Levelt, 1994; Garrett, 1980), which were in vogue when this phenomenon was initially observed, claimed that short constituents are easier to retrieve and are thus placed before longer and heavier ones. However, investigating other non-Germanic languages, especially through corpus studies, researchers realized that in OV languages like Japanese (Chang, 2009; Yamashita & Chang 2001) and Korean (Choi, 2007) the inverse of the short-before-long tendency is true, i.e., it is the longer constituent that tends to precede the shorter one in the pre-verbal domain.
The issue of what factors influence the relative order of objects in Persian sentences, and how the length factor can affect this ordering has been tackled only recently in the literature. Faghiri and Samvelian (2014) conducted a corpus analysis of Persian sentences and concluded that the relative order of the DO and the IO in this language corresponds, to a large extent, to the nature of the DO. To corroborate this finding, Faghiri, Samvelian and Hemforth (2014) carried out a web-based sentence completion task and demonstrated that in Persian the relative order of the DO and the IO depends mainly on whether the DO is definite or indefinite and, to a lesser degree, on the DO’s length, with higher likelihoods of the DO-IO-V order as the DO gets longer. These two studies, therefore, seem to suggest that in Persian the relative length of the objects is of secondary importance, and conceptual and/or discourse accessibility of the objects determines their order in the pre-verbal domain (Karimi, 2003).
What remains missing in this growing literature on heavy NP shift in Persian, however, is looking into the Persian native speaker’s intuition or “knowledge of language” (Newmeyer, 2003, p. 682) through judgment data. Newmeyer (2003) argues that collecting corpus data, which reflect language usage, is by no means enough to draw definitive conclusions in a linguistic analysis, and native speaker judgments should also be solicited to obtain a better picture of the phenomenon under investigation (see also Manning (2003) who used corpus data to provide counterexamples to data obtained by Pollard and Sag (1994) through judgment tests regarding verb subcategorization in English). In this spirit, the present study seeks to examine heavy NP shift in Persian from a new angle; namely, it intends to examine, primarily through a grammaticality judgment test (GJT), how Persian speakers rate DO-IO and IO-DO sentences, and to what extent the length of the DO affects their ratings. The findings of the GJT are also coupled with a prompted sentence recall task (PSRT), which in turn helps us draw better conclusions about the status of the heavy NP shift phenomenon in Persian.

Wasiyat" (testamentary wills) is one of the appropriate traditions which its importance and desirability has been emphasized in Holy Quran through different methods. However, recognizing its meaning and imperative rules, considering the declension (i’rab) analysis of the verse as well as the linguistic and metalinguistic level of the Quranic discourse, are of outmost significance. This study, using content analysis method and selecting a verse from Verses of the Rules (Ayāt al-ahkām), examines the effect of different syntactic analyses on the jurisprudence interpretation and the effect of jurisprudential assumptions in choosing the declension of the verse. Accordingly, the study seeks to answer the following question: what type of discourse system the Quranic discourse of Wasiyat relies on? Since the employment of the textual features is one of the important components of discourse analysis, there are several identificatory elements in the Quranic discourse analysis of the verse Wasiyat, namely, meanings of the words and expressions, declension and disagreement in syntactic rules, the principles and assumptions, and the impact of the jurisprudential ideas and thoughts. Although the disagreement in syntactic rules affects its jurisprudential judgment, it should be noted that since the disagreement in syntactic analysis is due to the difference in understanding the declension of the texts, various assumptions such as jurisprudential, verbal and so on, have a crucial role in choosing the declension of the verse. Consequently, the syntactic form of the verse Wasiyat implies a closed syntactic discourse which is based on a change from motivational to epistemic state. This involves elements such as different declensions which prepare the ground for jurisprudential judgment in the scope of necessity and religious preference. From the perspective of the believers to the necessity of Wasiyat (testamentary wills), there is a syntactic relationship governing the discourse system of the verse. Therefore, the governing discourse system of the verse is an intelligent and schematic one. From the perspective of religious preference, the interpretation of the phrase, " ÍóÞøðÇ Úóáóی ÇáúãõÊøóÞیä" and the word "ÈÇáãÚÑæÝ", as a sentimental and emotional state, can lead to the perception of meaning and action. Therefore, the Quranic discourse of the Wasiyat, so far as the religious preference is concerned, is based on the affective discourse system, and thus an emotional- tensive type.

Concepts, in each language are signs that indicate meanings. They are usually made by humans and often affected by various factors. Some of the most important of these concepts, which have changed, are the "Raiyat" and "Raa'" words, which were used in the words of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) for the first time. But gradually they have undergone the change in the context of the fluctuation of political semantics, so discourse of the negative pattern of the pastoral rule has been created.
Considering the importance of these political words, the effect of their meaning change, the Importance of Citizenship Rights and its Relationship with these concepts can raise the following question: How to understand these concepts based on cognitive semantics, and what are their true meanings in politics? The purpose of this article is to explain the Cognitive semantic of the Prophet's Hadith in order to understand the truth of the pastoral discourse. The findings, which are based on an analytical approach of Prophetic hadith "Kollokom Raa' " through library data and conceptual metaphor theory of G. Lakoff & M. Johnson explain the use of these concepts in the context of Hadith as a conceptual structural metaphor having Meaningful and abstract sense of guard and "Reayat"(respect) and "Moraat"(observance). Pastoral discourse (Raa’) is therefore the result of the acceptance of the responsibility and realization of the rights of citizenship on the basis of the substance and essence of citizens and is based on the discourse of domination and despotism.

This research is dedicated to the study of basic radar terms in the Russian language and their equivalents in Persian. Despite the high level of military interactions between Iran and Russia in various areas, such as radar and radar equipment, there is no specialized bilingual dictionary to meet the requirements of translators and specialists. In this paper, the authors analyze current equivalents radar terms and abbreviations in 9 sources such as: bilingual Russian – English, Russian- Persian and English-Persian dictionaries, and equivalents offered by Persian language and literature academy and specialists in the area. After analyzing the equivalents in various sources, in case of untranslated terms, the authors offer equivalent for the terms. The results of this research showed that existing sources were useful at least in 50% of all cases which could meet the needs of their users. In other cases, researches seem necessary to translate terms from Russian to Persian language. In this paper the authors with the help of specialists were trying to translate these terms and offer an approach to do such research works in other areas.