نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 31 (زمستان 1396)

The aim of this study was to assessment of drought tolerance in genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). For this purpose twenty genotypes were evaluated using randomized completely block design with three replications in both stress and non-stress conditions during 2010-2011 growing season in the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah. Based on the potential (Yp) and stress (Ys) yields, fourteen quantitative criteria of drought tolerance including Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Tolerance Index (TOL), Stress Susceptibility index (SSI), Mean Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), drought resistance index (DI ), modified stress tolerance index (MSTI), Yield Index (YI), Yield Stability Index (YSI) and Harmonic Mean (HAM), stress non-stress production index(SNPI), abiotic tolerance index(ATI), stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI) were calculated for each genotype. The result of combined analysis of variance showed there were significant differences between genotypes for grain yield in both conditions. Result of correlation analysis between grain yield in both conditions with drought resistance indices showed that STI, GMP, MP, MSTI, HM, DI, YI and MSTI were the best indices for identifying high yielding genotypes in both conditions. Furthermore, results exhibited that STI and MP were the best indices among all evaluated indices for tolerant genotype identification. Based on these indices and biplot analysis, genotypes No. 4, 8, 16 and 19 comparatively identified as drought tolerant genotypes. 3D graphs, Bi-plot and cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed these results.

In order to evaluate of some bean cultivars to drought stress, as well as identification the favorable tolerance indices to drought stress, two separates experiments into completely randomized design with 3 replications was conducted in green house at faculty of agriculture, Gonbad Kavoos University, in 2013. The first experiment included study of moderate water stress after podding (30% water depletion of filed capacity) and the second experiments included study of severe water stress after podding (70% water depletion of field capacity) on different bean cultivars included With bean ( Daran), Red bean (c.v. Azadshahr), Green bean ( Sanray), and Pinto bean ( Saman). The results of present study showed that cultivars had significant differences on all studied indices except for ToL, SSI and STI in full irrigation and slight water stress. It was also observed that there was significant and positive regression between seed yield and indices like MP, GMP and HARM in full irrigation and slight water stress condition in 1% confidence level. Therefore, these indices could be most favorable indices to select tolerance cultivars under slight water stress. the highest amount of some indices namely MP, GMP and HARM was found in Pinto bean. In intensive stress condition, the cultivars had significant differences on TOL, MP and GMP indices in 5 % confidence levelTherefore, the most favorable index to select tolerance cultivar was identified in intensive drought stress. On the basis of GMP index, red and pinto beans were confirmed as preference cultivars in intensive stress.

In order to evaluate the effect of seed priming with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on drought tolerance of mung bean this factorial pot experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications in the research field of Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini, Shahre-rey Branch, Islamic Azad University on 2013. The first factor was irrigation, including irrigation after 60 and 120 mm evaporation from pan evaporation as normal and drought conditions, respectively. The second factor was 5 levels of seed soaking in various concentrations of H2O2 (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM) for 6 hours. Results showed that drought stress significantly decreased plant height, biomass, yield and yield components, leaf area, relative chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and relative water content. Nonetheless, pretreatment of seeds with 90 mM H2O2 increased all mentioned traits under drought conditions. This treatment raised seed yield of plant by 25% as compared to control under drought conditions. These results indicated that pretreatment with H2O2 improved growth and drought tolerance of mung bean plants by increasing chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, relative water content and leaf area.

This research has been performed Effect of different levels of superabsorbent polymers on Water Use Efficiency and characteristics of sorghum in different water regimes. The experiment was conducted oný Kavar city. Factorial testing was carried out in a randomized Split plot complete block design (RCBD) in three replications and twelve treatments. Main factors included irrigation in three levels: (I1: 100%, I2: 65%, I3: 30% of water requirement), secondary factors included superabsorbent polymers in four levels: (S1: Control, S2: 35kg.ha, S3: 75kg.ha, S4: 110kg.ha). Characterized measured included: Yield, Water Use Efficiency, one thousand seed weight, number of tiller per shrub, number of seeds per cluster, stem diameter. Results showed that drought stress had significant effect on number of seed in cluster and one thousand seed weight specifically in reproductive growth stage. Our finding indicated I2 and I3 treatments had decreased Water Use Efficiency compared to I1, 24%, 50% respectively. In other hand added 110kg.ha is caused to increase Water Use Efficiency to 40%. Evaluation of interaction of factors indicated I2S2 and I2S3 treatments have same Water Use Efficiency with I1S1 and not observed significant difference between them. Results indicated the yield of I2S4 treatment (4055kg.ha) (65% water requirement and 110kg.ha superabsorbent) only 13% less than the I1S4 (4631 kg.ha) (100% water requirement and 110kg.ha superabsorbent). Accordance to our findings I2S4 treatment with 35% water economy and adequate yield is recommended for areas with same condition to kavar.

In order to study the effects of seed priming and water stress on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) yield and its components, an experiment was conducted in 2014 at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Madani University of Azarbaijan, Iran. Experiment was as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Seed priming was considered at 4 levels (hydro-priming, auxin solution, nitroxin solution and without priming) and water stress at 3 levels (no-water stress, stresses at the shoot growth stage and seed filling stage). Results showed that plant growth rate, plant height, number of branches, head diameter, head number, 1000-seed weight, yield and the percentage of seed kernel weight were significantly affected by seed priming and water stress. Yield indicated positive correlation with measured growth characteristics, but the highest observed with the percentage of seed-kernel weight. Maximum yield obtained from auxin and nitroxin seed priming by 1852.8 and 1818 kg.ha-1, respectively. Totally, seed priming caused to improve in growth characteristics, but auxin and nitroxin effects were better than hydro-priming. Also, no-water stress had the highest yield by 1846.8 kg.ha-1 in comparison with water stresses. Generally, results showed that priming in normal irrigation conditions caused to maximum yield.

A factorial experiment with split plot arrangement using the randomized complete blocks design with three replications was carried out in Khorramabad in the two crop years of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Water deficit stress in the main plots at the end of the growing season at three levels (desirable irrigation, mild stress, and severe stress equivalent to 40, 60, and 80% depletion of soil moisture available to plants, respectively) was one of the studied factors. Mycorrhiza biofertilizer and methanol sprays at four levels (no inoculation distilled water spray, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi distilled water spray, no inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi methanol spray, and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi methanol spray) was another studied factor, and so was the cultivar factor (the three irrigated wheat cultivars of Aflak, Dena, and Alvand). Results indicated Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and methanol sprays under mild and severe water stress conditions decreased and modified the negative effects of water stress. The cultivars responded differently to water deficit stress: mild and severe water deficid stress reduced yield of the Alvand cultivar more than they did those of the Aflak and Dena cultivars. Under conditions of severe water stress, the durum cultivar Dena had a higher yield compared to the other two cultivars. Results of this research indicate inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and foliar application of methanol can be considered and utilized for compensating the loss resulting from water stress at the end of the growing season in irrigated wheat.

In order to study the effect of bio fertilizers and foliar application of nano zinc oxide on cholorophyll content, grain filling period and grain yield of wheat under water limitation, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014. The experimental factors were included: water limitation in three levels [full irrigation as control, irrigation withholding at 50% of heading booting stages], seed inoculation with PGPR: non-inoculation, inoculation with Azotobacter, Azosperilium, Pseudomonasputida) and foliar application of nano zinc oxide: non-foliar application and foliar application of nano iron oxide, nano zinc oxide and nano zinc oxide nano iron oxide). Results showed that maximum of grain weight (0.0689 g), rate grain filling (0.0019 g.day-1), grain filling period (52.63 days), effective grain filling period (34.78 days) and grain yield of per plant (1.21 g per plant) were obtained at application of Azotobacter, nano oxide of Zn and full irrigation. Minimum of traits (0.0031 g, 0.0017 g.day-1, 45.46 days, 25.39 days and 0.18 g.plant-1 respectively) were obtained in non-inoculation, non-foliar application of nano oxide and irrigation to %50 of booting stage. Based on the results, it seems that bio fertilizers and nano oxide of Zn application can be recommended for profitable wheat production under water limitation condition.

Organic matters are useful sources to improve soil quality and increase the yield in plants. In order to assess the effects of different fertilizers application on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Makoii cultivar) under water stress, a field experiment was conducted on Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University at growing season 2014-2015. The experiment was conducted as split plot arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main plots were three water stress (optimal irrigation, withholding irrigation at vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage) and six levels of fertilizers (control, manure, municipal waste chopped, vermicompost, azocompost and urea) were in subplots. There was a significant effect of water stress and fertilizers on the plant height, grain yield, biological yield, grains per spike and number of spike per m2. Overall, the plants were more sensitive to water stress at the reproductive stage and vermicompost and azocompost could moderate disadvantages of water stress on plants.

To evaluate the effect of previous crop, N rate and N split application on rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hashemi) growth and paddy yield, a field experiment was conducted at SowmaehSara, Guilan province, in 2014 as a split-factorial arrangement based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Main plots were previous crop [Berseem clover, faba bean, and control (fallow)] and subplots were the factorial arrangement of N rate (50, 75, and 100 percent of N recommended rate which was 50, 75 and 100 kg Urea ha-1, respectively) and N split application (100 percent at transplanting stage, 100 percent at tillering stage, and 50 percent at transplanting stage and 50 percent at panicle initiation). Results showed that rice paddy yield was significantly affected by previous crop and N rate, but N split application had no significant effect on paddy yield. The highest paddy yield (4142.8 kg ha-1) was obtained when rice was cultivated after berseem clover and the lowest paddy yield (3494.0 kg ha-1) was obtained when rice was cultivated after faba bean. Rice paddy yield was increased significantly by 8% as N application rate increased from 50 to 78 kg urea ha-1, but further increase in N rate (100 kg urea ha-1) had no significant effect on paddy yield. Based on the result of this experiment, the highest rice paddy (4142.8 kg ha-1) was obtained when rice was cultivated after berseem clover and N was applied at the rate of 75 kg urea ha-1.

Fertilizer management plays an important role for obtaining satisfactory yield in maize. On the other hand fertilizer management is essential for achieving to sustainable agriculture. An experiment was laid out in the north of Khuzestan in Iran during 2014. The experimental design was split plots in randomized complete block (RCBD) design with four replications. Main factor was integrated of chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels that included 100, 75, 50, 25 percent quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizers and with and without- of biological fertilizers. Sub factor was three types of maize hybrids included single cross 704, single cross 701, single cross mobin. The results showed that the highest and minimum yield of hybrids related to by ranged 13.61, 13.59, 10.81 ton/ha treatments of single cross 701 50% chemical 흍% biological fertilizers, single cross 704 25% chemical 흍% biological fertilizers and single cross mobin 25% chemical 흍% biological fertilizers respectively. And also there were difference between treatments in yield and component yield, the grain and biological yield and number of grain per row in the level of probability 1% significant and other treatments were no significant.

To study the response of some morphological traits, yield and essence of fennel, to foliar application of salicylic acid and phosphate 2 bio-fertilizers, an experiment was conducted in Research Farm of Islamic Azad University Branch of Malekan in 2013. The experimental was conducted as randomized complete blocks with three replications. The factors was included foliar application of salicylic acid at three concentrations (non-foliar and foliar application of 30 and 60 mmol/lit), and fertile phosphate 2 (non-inoculation and inoculation). Results showed that foliar application of salicylic acid with biofertilizer had significant effects on traits including plant height, shoot dry matter, grains per plant, thousand grain weight, grain yield, harvest index and yield essential oil. The highest grains per plant (2274), plant height (63.6 cm), percentage of essential oil (3.24%) and yield essential oil (0.96 g/plant) were obtained with application of 60 mmol/lit salicylic acid. Also the highest grain yield (3215.6 kg/ha), grains per plant (2215), plant height (63.18 cm) and yield essential oil (0.85 g/plant) were achieved with application of fertile phosphate 2. It seems that application of salicylic acid and fertile phosphate 2 bio-fertilizers due to the improvement of some traits such as grain yield, essence and grains per plant can be recommended for profitable fennel production.

To investigate the effect of application of bio- fertilizer (Barvar-2) and possibility of replacement with phosphorus chemical fertilizer a factorial experiment performed based on completely randomized block design with three replication in Agricultural station of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz during 2014. Experimental treatments consisted of phosphorus biological fertilizer in two levels (without and application of Barvar-2) and chemical fertilizer in three levels: 0, 50 and 100% of recommended dose according to soil analysis (equal 75 kg.ha-1).The results showed that the two phosphorus fertilizer levels were same increase on grain yield and this trait and increased about 34 and 33.1 as compared to control respectively. Application of bio-fertilizer had the significant effect in grain yield of lentil. Application of Barvar-2 had 18.2% increases in grain yield of lentil in comparison with control. Increase in grain yield under effect of bio- fertilizer application only in relation to increase in grain number in bush and 100-grain weight not affected. With regard to these results, it can be said that application of 50% phosphorus chemical fertilizer with Barvar-2 had optimum amount in grain yield of lentil and that suggested for this region.

In order to evaluate the response root of safflower to concentration, time and method of use of seaweed extract, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications a greenhouse at the Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2014 was carried. Factors included concentration of seaweed extract on four levels , Stages of use seaweed extract in two levels and the use method of seaweed extract on two levels were. The results showed that the concentration of seaweed extract on the characteristics root volume, root surface, shoot to root ratio, plant height, stem diameter, number of bolls per plant and biological yield of un-direct boll very significant side effect found (p

Planting pattern is a crucial factor in grain yield and oil crop quality characteristics of rapeseed, for this purpose a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2014 in Ardabil. The first factor was canola cultivars at three levels (Hyola 308, Hyola 401 and R.G.S 003), second factor row of three levels (20, 30 and 40 cm) and third factor was plants interval on row at two levels including 5 and 10 cm. The triple effect of cultivars × distance between rows × between plants on row was significant on number of pods per plant, seeds number, one thousand seeds weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, protein percentage, protein yield and grain nitrogen content. The highest seed yield (3875 kg/ha) obtained in plant spacing of 5 cm × 20 cm row spacing × Hyola308. Oil yield was highest in row spacing 20 and 30 cm and highest protein content obtained in Hyola 308 with plants interval of 30 × 5 cm, respectively. Seed yield had significant positive correlation with biological yield (r=0.85**), harvest index (r=0.44**), oil percentage (r=0.38*), oil yield (r=0.84**), protein percentage (r=0.46**), protein yield (r=0.89**) and seed nitrogen (r=0.47**). Stepwise regression analysis, grain yield as dependent trait is influenced by the three variables, protein yield, protein percentage and oil yield regression model, totally 95% of the variations in grain yield was related to these three traits.

In order to investigate the effect of removing inflorescence and seed tuber size on yield and yield components of potato, the experiment was conducted using a factorial method based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm located in evoghlu region of Khoy city, during spring of 2014. The first factor was removal of inflorescence at two levels including removal and non-removal of inflorescence and the second factor was the seed tuber size at six levels including 25-35 g, 35-45 g, 45-55 g, 55-65 g, 65-75 g, and 75-85 g. The results indicated that the effect of removing inflorescence and seed tuber size was significant on tuber size, weight of tuber in plant, the number of branches and leaves in plant, leaf area index and tuber yield. So that the highest leaf area index (5.48) obtained from the treatment of inflorescence removing and tuber yield also in the treatment of inflorescence removing increased by 2.68 tons per hectare (%15). In regard with seed tuber size, the highest rates of tuber yield were 22.64 and 21.89 tons per hectare which were respectively obtained for seed tuber sizes of 65-75 g and 75-85 g. There was no significant difference between these two sizes of seed tuber in regard with tuber yield. Therefore, inflorescence removing is effective in yield increasing due to elimination of un useful sink, also seed tuber size of 65-75 g is recommended in order to save seed consumption and reduce costs.

Weeds are one of the main problems in most agricultural ecosystems such as potato. To evaluate the effects of cultivation and the time of Nitrogen application on potato weeds and tuber yield, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications at Research Fields of Islamic Azad University, Arak, during 2012-13. Treatments include cultivation (non-cultivation, a week after emergence such as once applied cultivation and one and four week after emergence such as twice applied cultivation) as the main plot along with the time of Nitrogen (urea 300 kg/ha) application (once application at the beginning of the season, split and using at the end of the season) as the sub plot. The results showed that cultivation treatment along with Nitrogen application had a significant effects on tuber yield and weeds density, so that once applied cultivation along with Nitrogen application at the beginning of the season led to reduction of weed density and increasing tuber yield by 15.21% and help to non-chemical control of weeds in stable agriculture.

These experiments were conducted in order to study effect of pre and post emergence herbicides on grass and broad leaf weeds in vine orchards in Qazvin and apple orchards in Tehran in 2008-2009. Experimental design was factorial with two factors and three replications. Factor one was pre emergence herbicides (diuron (WP 80%) 1.6 kg a.i. ha-1, napropamide (SC 45%) 4.1 kg a.i. ha-1, oxyfluorfen (EC 24%) 0.48 kg a.i. ha-1, trifluralin (EC 48%) 1.2 kg a.i. ha-1, and check (no herbicide) and factor two was post emergence herbicides (glayphosate (SL 41%) 2.5 kg a.i. ha-1 8 kg ha-1 ammonium sulfate, glayphosate (SL 41%) 2.5 2.5 kg a.i. ha-1 plus ammonium sulfate 8 kg ha-1, triclopyr (EC 62%) 1.2 kg a.i. ha-1, and triclopyr 1.2.2 kg a.i. ha-1). The results showed that pre emergence herbicides, especially napropamide, oxyfluorfen and trifluralin controlled annual winter weeds. One time use of glayphosate could control annual weeds, but not perennial weeds. One and two times use of triclopyr and two times glyphosate controlled perennial weeds. Use of pre emergence plus post emergence herbicides controlled perennial weeds well. Napropamide and trifluralin plus triclopyr reduced weeds, but diuron plus post emergence herbicides provided best broadleaf weed suppression. As compared to glayphosate, triclopyr controlled weeds with delay.

In order to study the diversity of weed flora in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) fields of Kermanshah province, 92 fields in five cities of this province investigated during the spring and summer of 2014. The first stage of sampling was in May and the second stage was in September. After sampling and identification of weeds, the diversity and evenness indices were calculated for each field. Acording to results in different cities of this province, five species of weeds have the highest value of dominance index. The most important weed in this experiment were warm season species such as Chenopodium album, Amaranthus spp, Setaria viridis, Xanthium strumarium and Convolvlus arvensis. The calculated value of domoinance index for above mentioned weeds were 197.7, 187.3, 170.3, 150.6 and 105.3, respectively and calculated dominance index for the rest of observed weeds was less than 100. Considering Shannon-Wiener diversity indices at the first stage of sampling the studied cities classified in two groups whereas in second stage the cities placed in three groups. In the first stage of sampling the highest value of Simpson diversity indice (0.78) calculated for Sahneh and the lowest value (0.67) observed in Eslamabad-e-Gharb, but in the second stage the highest value (0.93) of this indices belonged to Eslamabad-e-Gharb and the lowest value (0.83) calculated for Harsin. The obtained results after t-test showed that in both of stages there was the significant difference for species diversity of weeds among the studied cities.

Without knowing the characteristics and amount of forage plants in a rangeland during the grazing period, planning and management, and livestock grazing is not possible. So changes the production and consumption of important grasses was measured in the semi-steppe rangelands of Alamout mountain rangelands-Ghazvin. Every year the same number in the enclosure base and base outside the enclosure of the same species Bromus tomentellus Boiss. And Festuca ovina L. was chosen to investigate changes in production and consumption. In each month of the season forage production and consumption, 5 Base of each species harvested and transported to the laboratory separation in separate envelopes after air drying, dry weight difference inside and outside the enclosure, the calculation of forage produced and consumed at the site. Data from 1386 to 1389 (for four years), the combined analysis of variance was used in a completely randomized design. Analysis of variance results showed that the studied species the significant differences between years and months inventory is considered in terms of forage production and consumption of the species there. The consumption compared to the same species and time to peak strain it was also same between the months of operation.