نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1397)

The breadth and scope of power of housewives is subject to limitations due to their fragile and vulnerable position in the economic and social structures. One of the areas on the basis of which women’s empowerment could be assessed is the decision-making process in everyday life. The purpose of this research is to semantically reconstruct the lived experience of married women of decision-making and explore the fields, consequences and ways of women’s exposure to the phenomenon of decision-making through the perception and mental conceptualization of the actions that women exploit in their everyday life a source of power to enhance their agency in the environment. The present study was carried out with a qualitative approach, couched in the grounded theory. Targeted sampling with maximum diversity was used to select the samples; and semi-structured interview was used to collect the data. The results of interview with 28 samples of Sanandaj women indicate that self-esteem, re-conceptualization and risk-taking, family support, gender stereotypes, experience (of decision making), and resources available to women, constitute the grounds for decision making of women. The semantic reconstruction of the experience and understanding of women of decision making shows that women appeal to such strategies as logical dialogue, due and timely fulfillment of responsibilities, financial independence and support, raising the expectations, and strike. The decision-making experience for women contributes to their sense of value, collective belonging, self-reliance, empowerment and self-esteem.

The present study aimed to analyze subjective meaning of Isfahanian Philanthropists on their indifferences toward health centers for women. These centers have been recently founded by legislation of the council of ministers to investigate the women prone to drug abuse and prostitution (direct or indirect). While these centers demand financial resources, they are rejected or ignored by the philanthropists. Many researchers and officials on this domain believe that financial needs is one important reason that people in need move toward deviations. For this purpose, through qualitative approach and phenomenal methodology the present study analyzed to gain an emphatic understanding on the participants` attitude taking part in this study. Data was collected through 10 profound interviews within a seven-level method named Colaizzi. The finding revealed that not only Isfahanian Philanthropists completely disagreed with helping women dealing with drug and prostitution, but they also showed tendency toward enforcing violence and divesting them from taking responsibility. About divesting, one could claim that maybe they are facing with projecting through “not having trust to people and officials” and “assigning the responsibility of organizing them to that government” codes. In this approach, “patriarchal attitudes toward hurt women and women in charge of them” is highly obvious. About hostile disagreement, not only we are facing with divesting their responsibilities but also we are witnesses of violent opinions and ask for enforcing punishment for these women and even them being disappeared.

The present study attempts to investigate the social integration of prisoners via a grounded theory approach. It is aimed to explain a model for successful social integration of female offenders. In this qualitative study, the data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 women who had a record in the Welfare Services Organization, and all of whom have had previous experience of being in the prison. Then, using a grounded theory approach, the data were analyzed and coded. The exploratory findings of the study show that various factors contribute to the formation of the core category, that is, “social integration as a move towards the normalization of life and social adaptation” of women; and other contextual factors such as personal characteristics, being supported and not rejected by the family and access to capitals are significant too. Moreover, intervention factors such as maternal motivation, empowerment and rehabilitation of women, and not using drugs influence the process of social integration. Analytical findings indicate that the strategies and solutions for social integration of women have two categories of environmental appropriateness and sanitation, and the development of social networks. Ultimately, all these factors and strategies contribute to satisfaction from life, adaptability and social organization, or in other words, social integration of women.

In recent years, in addition to an increase in the female head of household population, they have experienced qualitative changes such as age composition, income, and poverty, which is considered a social problem. For this purpose, empowerment is referred to as the women's linkage and development chain, which is closely linked to continuous improvement, competence development, change in the behavior and improvement of women's performance, and is part of the consolidation of the language of development. Psychological empowerment is considered as one of the important dimensions of empowerment. In this regard, the present paper addresses the identification and prioritization of psychological empowerment strategies of rural women. The research method is descriptive-analytical and of the type of applied-development studies. The gathering of data and data was done in a documentary and field manner. Data analysis was conducted using SWOT-QSPM strategic management tools. In this research, 142 rural women participated voluntarily in completing the questionnaire in Torqabeh, Binalud County. In the SWOT matrix according to the final score at IFE = 79/1 and EFE = 60/2, optimal defensive strategies (minimum-minimum) were identified to optimize the psychological empowerment of rural women. Among the ten defensive strategies presented with the help of the quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), the most important strategy, "identifying the factors preventing and facilitating the rural women's empowerment and removing the obstacles ahead", with a score of 1.176, was the second strategy of "holding Different workshops for the empowerment of rural women "with a score of 0.256 and the third strategy" Encouraging rural women to form and support women's NGO cooperatives and associations "was rated at 219/0. And the strategy "The active inclusion of women's government institutions in relation to rural women's empowerment (Office of Women's Affairs of the Governorate ...)" was the lowest.

Drug trafficking is one of the complex social problems of contemporaneously, which is the cause of many social Injuries and deviations. This phenomenon targets not only individual security but also national security of the community. In this research, the qualitative method has been used to recreate Life experience of women, to identify the causes and areas of their exposure to narcotics trafficking. The research data were obtained from a deep interview with 18 trafficked women in the central prison of Kerman who were selected through purposeful sampling and the results were analyzed using Thematic analysis approach. According to the results, the causes of drug trafficking by women can be found in eight main themes: women's situations, economic system problems, weaknesses in coping systems, ecological platforms of the region, family problems, cultural poverty, inferior friends and class contradictions. Therefore, the smuggling of drugs by women is a phenomenon of several causes, the causes and areas of its formation should not be sought only in a person or a particular entity; it is also always a set of cultural, social and environmental factors, family, judicial, law enforcement, and individual causes were The basis of smuggling.

One of the social harms that threatens the community is a spouse who presents himself in different ways in the institution of the family. The present article aims to identify the relationship between social factors affecting spouse abusers in 2017. The relationship has been analyzed by using a descriptive-analytical approach and using the tool of the questionnaire and using SPSS software. The statistical population consisted of 120 women married women who were selected by random sampling method. The results show that male-dominated attitudes have a significant and meaningful relationship with spouse abuse. Also, there was a significant difference between spouses of different ages. The final result of the study was that with regard to the indicators of the patriarchal system, the more unequal power of power, male dominance over women, the patriarchal domination system, the superiority of the male class on women, and the oppression of women in society, the more the amount of spouse in the family is more And the role of the patriarchal system will increase in its formation and prevalence.

Nowadays, social entrepreneurship in the form of different organizational structures (profit, non-profit, or combination, charities, cooperatives, joint-stock companies, businesses, unions creates social value. According to the expanding role of cooperatives and increasing the number of women as their member, the question arises whether rural women's cooperatives in Iran, considering they are a combination of both private and public sectors, can be a platform for social entrepreneurship? To answer this question, we have analyzed eight interviews rural women as members of a rural women's cooperative as well as the text of law about cooperative companies. Moreover, we have applied grounded theory as our method and the MAX QDA as a software for analyzing qualitative data. As the results show, 438 semantic terms were extracted and categorized into 5 categories of clusters, 16 main themes, and 42 sub themes. During the establishment of a cooperative in 2011, there have been applied two kinds of capital-financial facilities, human capital and knowledge. The nature of the created business in the cooperative has addressed rural women as the community and their problems as social problems. Analyzing the social problems shows: this cooperative has firstly intended to create job for the entrepreneur and, secondly to solve the local economic problems of women especially as the head of the household. The Entrepreneurship Environment in the rural women's cooperatives (Mehr Afarin Eram) consists of the four main factors: entrepreneurs, rural women as local community, special contexts like social, cultural, economic and legal contexts, as well as obstacles against cooperatives. Strategies of this cooperatives are formed from current strategies like training part, human resource management, financial, production and sales as well as developmental strategies in the future. Additionally, the achievements and outcomes of this cooperatives shows Mehr Afarin Eram can to empower women, create objective and subjective values and achieves financial success.