مجله پژوهش های دانش زمین
پیاپی 32 (زمستان 1396)

Boroujerd granitoid pluton geologically is part of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Evidence of ductile deformation such as mylonitic fabric In most parts of the study area and changed Borujerd granitoid to mylonitic granite. Mylonitic fabric includes mylonitic foliation and stretching lineation is visible and , measurable at unweathered granite part. Most foliation are dipping low-to-moderate and changed 10-55 degrees. At north part of pluton foliation have NE-SW strike and in the south part of Boroujerd pluton chenged to NW-SE. At the north part foliation are dipping to SE and in the south part foliation are dipping to NE. stretching lineation are low angle plunging between o-25 to NW, NE and SE plunging. Due to the slope of the mylonitic foliation and shear sence indicator, normal and reverse dip-slip movement was determined for mylonitic granite. Collection of evidence in this area for tectonic setting determine of Boroujerd pluton show syn tectonic (Syn D2 deformation) emplacmet . After deformation and formation of mylonitic fabric in Boroujerd pluton, this pluton again deformed and Mylonitic and Stretching lineation arefolded.

Pir-abad amphibolotes in the northest Azna locates sanandaj –Sirjan zone. The amphibolites show a discontinuous outcrops as pods and lenses. Sometimes have lineation and foliation. Amphibole and plagioclase are main mineral constituents in the rocks. The amphibolites have igneous source. Their protholite is basalt with sub-alkaline and tholeiitic nature. Chondrite normalized-REE diagram show LREE enrichment relatetoon to HREE. Primitive mantle- normalized trace elements diagram show depletion of HFSE and HREE. Tectonic discrimination diagrams, negative Nb-Ta anomalies and high Th and Ba/Yb display the back-arc basin setting or supra-subduction zone environment.

The Dasht-e-Abass plain is located in the south of Ilam Province. There is not any permanent river in this plain, therefore, excessive exploitation from the Dasht-e-Abass aquifer has been extended. Therefore, water level has been decreased so that annual average rate of water level drawdown from October 1985 to February 2005 has been 0.27 meter. The rate of water level drawdown due to non-equal distribution of exploitation wells is different, therefore, groundwater flow has been reversed in some parts of the aquifer. Water transfer from Karkheh dam reservoir to the south of Dasht-e-Abass was started in February 2005 and thereafter water level was increased so that in some parts of the aquifer the rate of water level rise is up to 19 meters until September 2014. By development of Dasht-e-Abass irrigation and drainage network at the north of plain, input water from Karkheh dam to Dasht-e-Abass increased and thereby water level increased significantly. Since the drainage system for Dasht-e-Abass is not designed and hydrogeologically the Dasht-e-Abass Plain is a closed-aquifer, therefore, a wide part of farmlands will be waterlogged in the near future. To avoid of this problem, the best solution is combinational exploitation and simultaneity of groundwater and surface water exploitation.

Structural and micro-structural studies on Samen deformed granitoid revealed both brittle and ductile deformation in this granitoid. Joints and dextral faults are the most important of brittle structures that developed in the different scales. Field studies and micro-structural observation show development of penetrative stretching lineation related to the quartz and feldspar minerals elongation in the Samen granitoid. This lineation shows a textures same as striated gneiss fabric. Petrofabric elements such as; quartz bands and lamellas, symmetric and asymmetrical quartz and feldspar lenses, sigma type porphyroclasts, C-S shear bands and evidences of dynamic recristalisation are the most important features in the Samen granitoid. All the shear sense indicators show a dextral sense of shear in the area. Finite strain analyses on the quartz grain markers show the amounts of tectonic strain as: 2.35.

Aliabad-Damagh region in SE of Hamadan contains both regional and contact metamorphic rocks. Garnet crystals present in many metamorphic rocks such as garnet schist, garnet- staurolite schist, amphibolite and metasandstone. In this study, garnet zoning in metasandstone investigated in order to interpret the origin and tectonic evolution of Hamadan metamorphic complex in Aliabad-Damagh region. Mainly dark metasandstones outcrops in south of Aliabad- Damagh are in the form of thin layers without schstosity within amphibolites and metapelites. The textures of metasandstones are granoblastic and granolepidoblastic. Main minerals are quartz, feldspar, mica and garnet. Garnet crystallized directly from the clay parts of the matrix in the medium grade metamorphic condition. Garnets are euhedral and based on fabric studies, garnets are formed during regional metamorphism. Point analyses from core to rim of garnet porphyroblasts show the main composition of almandine for garnets which Mn decreases and Fe and Mg increase from core to rim. Based on distribution of Fe, Mg and Mn the zoning patterns of crystals were normal and well preserved. The preservation of normal zoning in metasandstone garnet crystals indicate that the temperature of the regional metamorphism was not very high and metamorphism occurred maximum in the upper Greenschist facies and below the Amphibolite facies. The distribution of the elements in garnet zoning is reverse when the exhumation rate is low in orogenic trains. The presence of normal zoning in studied garnet crystals, confirm fast exhumation occurred after regional metamorphism in the area. Occurrence of dynamic metamorphism (P>>T) after pick of regional metamorphism in the Aliabad-Damagh could be evidence for such a rapid uplift.

Sand production event has known as an adventure risk in well drilling and provide drinking water in areas with alluvial geology and fine soil texture. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the sand production rate of the drinking water supply wells in Eslamshahr county. So Ten wells which supply the city's major water needs were examined. Required samples were taken in four different seasons. In this case, the sand production at the start of the water pump, one, four, eight and twelve hours after the starting time were collected. After the analysis of experimental data and studies about wells structure it was concluded that sand production in wells which located in North West, South East and South West study area to compare with other drinking wells of Eslamshahr rural’s are more and at the time of starting the pump, sand production is high and after four hours it will decrease. After this time, with increasing water harvesting time, the rate of well’s sand production also increased that means after twelve hours of pump starting, the sand production rate is higher than starting time and then the timeframe for water harvesting should be considered.

Despite having very simple components, Qanat is a complex phenomenon which has emerged from indigenous knowledge and a collective intelligence inherited through many generations. The technology of the Qanat benefits from a deep understanding of climate, water basins, geography, culture, religion, architecture and city planning. Qanat is not just an instrument for water supply, but rather it is a self-organizing old machine, which is generative, self-regulating and flexible towards its environment and the natural irregularities that occur around it. Because of the informational connection of this phenomenon to the upper layers of consciousness, one can assume an artificial mind for this primordial machine. By dismissing dualectic and oppositional theories, this paper focuses on the continuity of mind and matter in technology, and attempts to demonstrate that the concept of the Qanat is fundamentally different from modern technology and as a model of thought it has paradigmatic value which can become a prototype for Cognitive Architecture and Cognitive Urbanism. In this paper we have explained Qanat and its productive networks with city, people, nature, geography.

Geomorphotourism is one of the tourism branches base on nature which have high potentials for tourism planning by combining ecological, historical and cultural inheritances. In the other words, geomorphotourism introducing the geomorphological landforms to tourists by keeping the local identity. In this relation, this research tries to study the tourism capabilities of Sirjan geotops using Fassoulas and Comanescu models. The used values in Fassoulas model consist of scientific, ecological and protective, cultural, aesthetics, economical and utilization potential values and in Comanescu model consist of management, yield economic, cultural, aesthetics and scientific values , that each of these values have some sub-standard that have been determined from 1 to 10 for Fassoulas model and 20 for Comanescu model by standard score system. The results of this research indicate that geotop of Sirjan salt desert with 18.8 score in Fassoulas model and 0.78 in Comanescu model have the maximum score for tourism development. Also, according to results, the troglodytic geotop with 12.2 score in Fassoulas model and 0.34 in Comanescu model , have the minimum score among studied geotops. According to research results, the maximum score of Sirjan desert geotop relate to scientific value and aesthetic and suitable access this salt desert.

In many countries, the government purposefully act to support the public by granting direct and indirect subsidies to tourism industry in ordrt to Juice up it and it’s related activities or even for getting it out of the crisis.In the other words the benefits of subsidy in addition to the economic and social sectors allocate to tourism and ecotourism and lead to further development of local stakeholders and local tourism as well as development of rural settlements. This is an issue that deserves attention in our country there after subsidy cuts and has caused a part of the recession, damage to the tourism industry and residents, stakeholders and suppliers of these activities, both at the local level and at national level, in most tourist areas of the country, especially rural settlements.This research is conducted using descriptive-analytic method to study the consequences of organizing subsidies in empowerment of tourism stakeholders and development of rural settlements in the area of study. To explain and to determine the relationships between the effevtive and Impressionable componens the einferential statistical methods like Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression were used.The results indicate that cash subsidy has significant impact on the development and empowerment of local stakeholders of tourism in some dimensions. Among the impact factors of variables on the development of rural settlements in connection with tourism, characteristics of self-reliance variable with 0.507 impact factor has the most effective impact on empowerment of local stakeholders and consequently the development of rural settlements. After that variable, the variables of trust and confidence with 0.453, responsibility and sense of place with 0.346 and Participation and decision-making with 0.054 impact factor, impact on the empowerment of local stakeholders and the rural settlements development as well as the tourism destination of area of study.

In recent decades there has been a new movement in agricultural production due to the spread of early-return commercial enterprises which has lead agriculture towards the production of commercial products (cash crops). Meanwhile, many mountainous villages due to environmental conditions, especially the topographic situation and the limitation of water and soil resources, have not been able to keep pace with these upheavals and consequently have undergone functional changes. The present research using analytical-descriptive method recognizes the specific features of farming system in Southern Chaldran Dehestan and studies the changes in its productive function during the last three decades. The results of this study show the traditional agriculture of the region has not been able to compete in the market and does not provide the sufficient financial support for the villagers. As a result, they have been attracted to marginal early-return jobs such as labor in the cities. Although, this has temporarily improved their financial and physical situation, it is doubted that such changes can lead to long-term economic development and contribute to the sustainability of these villages.