نشریه مطالعات عمران شهری
پیاپی 2 (پاییز 1396)

The growth of population and urbanization in recent years have increased the attention to urban planning andmanagement. Making plans of the perspectives and development is one of the strategies which the urban officials use it to avoid the probable problems in urban management. The City Development Strategy (CDS) is a strategic uideline which has been welcomed by many developing countries. Hence, the aim of this study is to analyze the position of CDS’s indices in Ilam City. It is an analytical-descriptive research. The statistical population includes the experts of urban management and citizens of Ilam City that 80 of the experts were chosen as the sample by the Convenience Sampling Method and 384 of citizens were chosen by Simple Random Sampling Method. Then, they were given the questionnaires. The questionnaire is researcher-made which its validity was confirmed by the university teachers and its reliability was confirmed . 914 by Cronbach's alpha. To analyze the data, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, binominal-test, Kruskal–Wallis test and Friedman test were done. The findings reveal that the conditions of urban development indices in Ilam City are improper with the mean of 2. 754 according to the experts and 2. 448 according to the citizens. Moreover, the opinions of both groups of the statistical population are different from each other about the importance of CDSs except about the strategy of banking with the approach of technology. The most important city development strategy in Ilam City is banking with the approach of technology according to both experts and citizens with the mean of 2. 571

Investigating the status of thermal radiation dispersion and its relation with different types of users, it is important to recognize the microclimate of different regions of cities. The development of urbanization and industrial activities in major cities has led to large changes in the physical location of the earth's surface, the released heat energy, temperature variations, and other weather parameters and the urban thermal island. Remote sensing using infrared thermal radiation and the application of physical models is a suitable tool for calculating the surface temperature in vast areas. In the present study, TIRS, OLI Landsat Satellite 8 was used to recognize the formation of the Upper Islands in the city of Urmia during the period 1392 to 1395. The results of processing satellite images show that the minimum and maximum temperatures in Urmia have been rising during 1392 to 1395, and this increase in temperatures in the urban areas is far more significant. Over the past four years, three major areas have been identified, with spatial changes in the thermal island core at or near them. These three areas are: north of the city, west of the city and central part of Urmia city, and also the 5th city of Urmia with the higher percentage of area in high temperature grade compared with other regions, the warmest region of Urmia was identified.

The number of internet users and international social networks is increasingly growing and the modern communicational technology is currently an inevitable part of life. Hence, all the commercial-service agencies ought to meet the needs of this large group of customers and users regardless of geographical barriers. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate the effective factors in order to develop and use the electronic services in tourism industry of Ilam State. The method is analytical-descriptive. The population includes all the tourists visiting Ilam State and the experts of tourism that 384 of tourists were chosen by Cochran formula and Random Sampling and 100 of experts were chosen by Convenience Sampling as the sample of study. The questionnaire is researcher-made which its validity is confirmed by the university teachers and experts of tourism and its reliability is confirmed Cronbach's alpha 0. 957. To analyze the data, Multiple Regression Test was used. The findings reveal that according to tourists, the variables of income, public use of internet and improvements of services and features of tourism in destination of tourism have a positive and meaningful effecton dependent variable (that is using electronic services of tourism) in Ilam State. Moreover, the variables of education, age, place, availability and prices do not have any effects on dependent variable. According to the experts, the variables of income,public use of internet and the features of tourism destination have a positive and meaningful effect on dependent variable and the other variables have no effects on using electronic services of tourism.

The aim of this paper is to recognize and prioritize the challenges in management of urban development. The research has an analytical-exploratory mixed method. The data was gathered from the libraries and by field study. And, questionnaires and interviews were used. The population in the qualitative stage includes 30 executive managers in Ilam City and in the quantitative stage includes the experts and managers of municipalities, Water and Waste Water Company, and Health and Medical Company that 80 of them were chosen as the sample by onvenience Method and were given the questionnaires. The questionnaire was researcher-made which its validity was confirmed by the experts and its reliability was confirmed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis in LISREL Software. To test the hypotheses, Binominal Test and Friedman were done in SPSS software. Investigating the challenges, 9 challenges were determined including the managerial challenges, legal-administrative, economic, body-physical, cultural-social, infrastructural, supervising, environmental , and budget-financial challenges of which the legal-administrative challenge is the most important one from the views of the experts.

The significant increase in the spatial expansion of the cities in the majority of countries around the world has caused numerous complications and problems. While rapid population growth is the main cause behind the spatial expansion of cities, the irrational growth of cities has a significant impact on the rapid expansion of cities. One of the strategies to combat the scattered growth of cities is smart growth. Realizing this objective requires using appropriate and state of the art methods and instruments. Spatial statistical analyses in GIS are among methods developed during recent decades. The main objective of the current study is to analyze the growth pattern of Chabahar City. The study utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach based on quantitative analysis methods which use models developed for measuring the shape of the city. The most important ones of these models include entropy, Shannon, Gary and Moran. The results of the study show that the urbanization trends for this cityfrom 1956 to 2011 are characterized by low concentration levels, unbalanced distribution of population and employment over the city, scattered spread and disconnected and detached expansion in remote areas which are far from the city center, and generallya growth pattern characterized by an unchecked horizontal spread.

Given its dangerous and unsafe consequences, air pollution has become one of the most tangible environmental complications of Tehran City which is the capital city of Iran. Thus, it is not surprising that so far the strategies and measures to overcome this problem have been designed and sometimes enforced. However, the problem is that these strategies and measures, among other shortcomings, in many cases have not been preventative and based on information obtained from variations in the concentrations of air pollutants; hence, they have not realized their stated objectives. Therefore, because of the significance of this issue, the current study tries to analyze the spatial-temporal changes in the concentration of carbon monoxide in order to use that information in the environmental planning process. The study uses an applied-analytical method. The statistical population of the study involves the concentrations of carbon monoxide obtained from air pollution measuring stations in various zones of Tehran. Among these stations, the information from 12 devices during a five-year period from 2011 to 2015 was selected as the sample of the study. Instruments used in the study include Arc GIS, PASW Statistic, and Excel as well as library and documentation studies, field observations, interviews with experts, geo-statistical kriging methods, and statistical temporal graphs. Based on the findings of the studies, which are presented in the form of charts, figures, and numerous maps, temporal-spatial patterns are discernable. Finally, some strategies have been proposed based on the findings of the study.

The structure of urban management in Iran has been established so as to pass from the centralized system, move toward the decentralized system and getting rid of existing challenges, hence planning system and management ought to accept changes in urban sustainable development as a main solution. In order to achieving a real sustainable condition in cities, it is highly required to develop some policies to construct sustainable cities. Nowadays, cities are at the center of attention in the issue of sustainability as the main consumers and distributers of goods and services. So cities need an optimal management to reduce cultural, social and servicing problems, to effectively provide comfort, relaxation and justice and also to raise morale of participation among the residents. That is why sustainable development has been concentrated in such a way that achieving urban sustainable development has become one the main principles in sustainable development in recent decades. This paper presents a more clear definition for urban management as well as investigating the relation between urban management and sustainable development. It is an analytical-descriptive research. The data was collected from the libraries and documents. The findings reveal that urban management has a positive and significant effect on achieving sustainable development in Ilam City. Moreover, cooperation and communication among urban managers have a significant and positive effect on improving indexes of urban sustainable development in Ilam City.

Due to the environmental conditions, the implications and range of the effects of climate change on inhabitants of each part of the planet are different. In this study, the effects of climate change on the humidity phenomenon in coastal cities of Hormozgan province were evaluated. Accordingly, the intensity of humidity index was used to identify this phenomenon. Monthly humidity zoning maps of the province and the monthly humidity charts show that there is no extreme humidity from December to February and the highest rate of humidity is related to the months of July and August. By using the regression diagram of the number of humid days in each year, the annual changes of this phenomenon were investigated in the selected stations. Positive slope at all stations indicates an increase in humidity during the selected years, with the highest slope being related to Jask and the lowest value being related to Bandar Abbas. The humidity phenomenon has a negative effect on human health, energy consumption, air pollution and so on and its increase under the conditions of climate change will lead to an increase in its undesirable and even intolerable effects in coastal cities, especially in low latitudes. Therefore, it is essential to devise suitable plans to mitigate or combat its consequences.

Investigating the status of thermal radiation dispersion and their relationship with various types of available users is essential in order to understand the microclimates of different zones in cities. The expansion of urbanization and industrial activities in major cities has led to widespread changes in physical characteristics of the earth's surface, the released heat energy, temperature variations, and other meteorological parameters and it also creates the urban thermal islands. Remote sensing using infrared thermal radiation and the application of physical models are a suitable tool for calculating the surface temperature in widespread areas. In the present study, images from Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) and TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) were used to analyze the formation of thermal islands in Urmia City during the period between 2013 and 2016. The results from processing satellite images show that minimum and maximum temperatures in Urmia have been rising from 2013 to 2016, with more significant temperature increases in arid lands around the city. Based on evaluating these four years’ worth of data, three major areas have been identified where spatial changes in thermal island cores are detected. These three areas include the northern part of the city, the western part of the city, and the city center. Moreover, Zone 5 of this city, with a higher percentage of area with high temperature grades compared to other zones, was identified as the hottest zone of Urmia City.

Urban parks are a part of public green spaces which not only provide for entertainment,cultural, and environmental aspects but also serve various sections of the city. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the eographical distribution of parks in Oshnavieh Town and provide an optimal placement pattern for establishing neighborhood parks. The current study is an applied one with regards to its objectives and a descriptive-analytical one with regards to its nature. Considering the fact that there are numerous criteria for the placement of neighborhood parks, the current study selected the neighborhoods of Oshnavieh Town as case studies to evaluate the operational application of WLC (Weighted Linear Combination) technique as a multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM) method to analyze the suitability of lands for establishing neighborhood parks. After identifying the factors affecting the placement of neighborhood parks, standard maps are created and then the data are standardized and weighted. Finally, in order to prioritize and rank neighborhoods for allocating spaces for constructing neighborhood parks, WLC multi-criteria decision-making technique was utilized. Evaluating the results of applying the model on the selected area shows that the pixels presented in the output of the model possess the optimal conditions with regards to the pre-defined criteria. Therefore, using applicable methods such as WLC and the capabilities of GIS can help urban authorities in better decision-making regarding the placement of various urban facilities including urban parks.