نشریه مطالعات عمران شهری
پیاپی 4 (بهار 1397)

Nowadays, with theincreasing importance of city development on the one hand, and the methods of city development on the other, the necessity to examine the pattern of physical-spatial development of Ilam City is clear. Rapid and irregular physical-spatial development of Ilam City in recent years has resulted in undesirable economic, social, and physical results. Therefore, considering these issues, the objective of this study is to evaluate the pattern of physical-spatial development of Ilam City. The study is looking to investigate the pattern of physical-spatial development of Ilam City using Shannon and Holdren entropy models. This study is an applied-developmental study and its methodology is descriptive-analytical. In this study, the statistical population is Ilam City.In terms of physical division, Ilam City is divided into 4 districts which are examined in this study. Using library study method, theoreticalfoundations of the research were obtained. Then, using field observation and after data collection from the comprehensive developmental plan of Ilam City, the annual statistical publication and categorizing these data, direct observation method was used for completing the missing data. Finally, by combining the data and using Shannon and Holdren entropy models, the exiting pattern of the city's physical growth was determined. The obtained data were analyzed using Shannon and Holdren entropy and a number of indices (i.e. population, gross per capita, area of each of the regions, and the total area of the city) were used for analyzing the models. Shannon entropy model was estimated for all four regions for years 1991-2012, and results of analysis for both decades were close to maximum entropy value, which indicates the horizontal sprawl growth of Ilam City in these decades. Holdren model was calculated for both decades (1991-2002) and the decade (2002-2012), and the result of analysis showed negative physical growth of Ilam City. The result of analysis of Holdren model for the 20-year period (1991-2012) is equal to 1.68%for population growth and -0.68% for physical growth. Therefore, it can be said that, compared to its population growth, Ilam City has been experiencing a negative physical growth in this period and the development of the city has been interrupted. Moreover, increasing population density, reducing gross per capita of urban land, and horizontal irregular growth (sprawl) of Ilam City are results of the Holdren model. Finally, in order to mitigate the sprawl and horizontal growth of Ilam City, infill development pattern (internal development) is recommended.

Understanding and analysis of the current developmental situation and assessment of potentials and limitations of regions in various contexts are indispensable since they help planners in setting developmental objectives and devising policies, strategies and solutions to achieve these goals. On the other hand, in the process of planning and development of the regions, determination of level of wellbeing and development of regions and evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of each region in social, cultural and developmental areas provide the prerequisite context for optimum allocation of resources and facilities in order to reach consistent and uniform development. In this paper, based on Morris method and use of 27 indices in educational-cultural, health-therapeutic, and developmental-infrastructure contexts, evaluation and ranking of developmental states are carried out in City Districts of Lorestan Province. The results show a difference among the city districts with regards to development levels. In fact,among 9 city districts, the cities of Azna, Poldokhtar, Selseleh, and Khoramabad are marked as developed and cities of Delfan and Koohdasht are marked as deprived.

The present study has been conducted to analyze the characteristics of a healthy neighborhood in neighborhood 3 of Eivan City. The research method is descriptive-analytical which has been utilized as a survey to collect analytical data. The statistical sample of the study includes 321 citizens of neighborhood 3 of Eivan City, selected based on Cochran’s formula and using simple random sampling. To analyze the characteristics of a healthy neighborhood, four components including comfort level, security, friendliness, and neighborhood access have been selected to assess the satisfaction level of neighborhood residents. Data analysis was performed based on the secondary objectives of the study using 푡-statistic and linear regression analysis. The analytical results of the study indicate that the access component, with the standard deviation of 41.39 and the rate of bias of 0.0123, is in a good state in this neighborhood from the viewpoint of residents. The regression analysis of the research components shows that, with the obtained value of beta and the level of significance, with a confidence level of 0.95, the components of the study have a direct impact on promoting the health of Neighborhood 3 of Eivan City.

Promoting entrepreneurial activities of women can be an effective incentive for economic growth and development and for improving their quality of life. Because of undesired conditions, women have not yet benefitted from various potentials for entrepreneurship. One of the desirable contexts for improving women’s entrepreneurship is to focus on the tourism industry in various regions. Women play a key important role in promoting tourism and even some of the major hotels of the world are currently managed by successful women. With a minimum amount of risk and by understanding their strong internal talents and gifts, women can start working in local and tourism contexts. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate and analyze the role that urban tourism can play in promoting women’s entrepreneurship in Ilam City using a descriptive analytical method. The statistical population of the current study includes all the 15 to 29-year-old women of Ilam City. Based on Cochran’s formula, 384 women were selected as the sample of the study and a standard questionnaire was distributed among them using a random sampling method. The questionnaire was the standardized safety questionnaire of Qeshlagh et al., whose validity and reliability (an alpha coefficient of 0.898) have already been confirmed. In order to analyze the obtained data, simple linear regression test was utilized. The results obtained from analyzing the research hypotheses show that urban tourism is an effective and important factor in promoting women’s entrepreneurship in Ilam City. Moreover, urban tourism is an effective and important factor in increasing risk taking, creativity and innovativeness, and self-esteem, and in reducing passiveness among women of Ilam City.

The production and consumption of electricity in Iran is one of the most important issues in policy making and macroplanning of the country’s development. Not only is this issue considered one of the most important production factors, unchecked consumption of electricity leads to environmental pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases, which is warming the earth. Understanding the dispersion of consumption levels of electricity can pave the way for accurate environmental planning and policy making. The current study aims to identify the location changes of energy consumption. First, a database for energy consumption network data for North Khorasan Province was created. Then, the statistical period of 2015-2016 for eight city districts of this province was selected and data on the consumption level of electricity subscribers (urban, rural, public, agricultural, industrial, commercial, and road lights) were gathered, effectively creating a 15 km by 15 km layer was considered over the selected area for the study. In order to identify the annual changes of energy consumption, the earth statistic method in GIS programming environment was utilized and IDW was used for interpolation. The results obtained from the current study show that the highest level of electricity consumption in urban, household, commercial, public, and road light sections can be seen in Bojnourd City District, the highest level of energy consumption for rural and agricultural sections can be seen in Esfarayen City District as well as the industrial sector of Jajarm City District. The total electricity consumption for the timeframe selected for the study in urban, rural, household, commercial, agricultural, industrial, and road light sections in Bojnourd City District was 332976 MWh and for Shirvan City District, it was 61006 MWh, which were the highest consumption rates among the cities of this province, while the lowest level of consumption was 23001 MWh seen in Raz and Jargalan City District. Considering the total electricity consumption of various sections, the highest consumption level was seen in the capital of the province (Bojnourd City District) with 29% of the total electricity consumption and 124708 subscribers, followed by Esfarayen City District with 16% of total consumption and 52075 subscribers. The lowest level of electricity consumption was seen in the industrial sector of Raz and Jargalan City District with 2% of the total consumption and 10269 subscribers.

Air ventilation to provide human comfort with the use of fossil fuels in addition to its cost has caused air pollution and climate change. This paper tries to evaluate natural ventilation using wind power, which has a long history in Iranian architecture, by investigating the temperature characteristics, wind speed and direction, and the location of cities in relation to their surrounding topography in Fars Province. The study of speed and direction of prevailing wind and the position of the cities in relation to the topography creates the possibility to use the air in these regions for natural ventilation by designing the buildings and their components specifically for natural ventilation in the direction of the highest mountainous areas and other micro-climate factors. The gradient of minimum and maximum temperature in warm seasons (spring and summer) show they are increasing from northeast to southwest over the province. It seems that, except for Shiraz Station, there is no coordination between the prevailing wind direction and the location of high mountainous areas. However, the appropriate direction of structures can be utilized to make use of ventilation when outside temperature is at its minimum and the adverse directions can be sued for tackling dust, hot wind or other environment hazards.

The new cities of Iran can be classified into two groups: the cities made before and after the Iranian revolution. The main objective of city construction before the revolution was to accommodate the workers and office employees in the industry and agriculture sectors, whereas the new cities, which have been built in recent decades, are constructed to accommodate the overload of population in big cities. One of these new cities is Shoushtar Nou which has been built in 1974 in order to accommodate the workers of Karoon Agricultural Industrial Company and to improve the status of the agricultural sector, especially the sugar cane industry. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare Shoushtar Nou City in different periods (1974-2015) and to also give recommendations on urban planning to improve this city. The methodology of the study is descriptive-analytical and practical. The data was gathered through field study and library studies. In order to analyze the data, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used and to determine their weights, Export Choice software application is used. The findings show that the economic factors with a weight of 0.329%, ociocultural factors with a weight of 0.316%, political factors with a weight of 0.203%, and managerial factors with a weight of 0.152% have had an effective role in failure to implement the comprehensive urban plan of Shoushtar NouCity, respectively. Moreover, by comparing the current conditions of this city with the initial plan based on field study and documents, it was clear that the main difference involves failure to construct urban public places such as streets, sidewalks, the Central Mosque, city entrance square and so on. In the analysis of current land use and comparing it with the initial plan, it came to the light that most of the public uses of land have been reduced in number, such as green spaces, educational and sport uses and so on, and on the other hand, the land uses of military and police, street network, transportation and warehouse have significantly increased.

Housing is one of the basic needs of all peoples and households whose desirable condition plays a direct role in quality of life. One of the most important ways to understand the housing situation in each type of planning is to use housing indices. Kermanshah Province, as one of the western provinces of Iran, has encountered severe housing problems for various reasons. These problems manifest as poor housing, low quality housing, inappropriate texture and building materials in residents. Therefore, the present study uses quantitative and qualitative indices of housing to study the housing situation and ranking of the cities of this province. The research methodology is an applied one based on the objectives of the study, and based on the nature of the study, the methodology includes descriptive, analytical and correlation methods. The statistical population of the study covers 14 districts of Kermanshah Province based on the 2011 national census. In order to collect the required data, the results of the census of population and housing in 2011 in Kermanshah Province were used. Then, 21 quantitative and qualitative indices were selected in the housing sector and weighted by the Shannon Entropy method, and then VIKOR model was used for ranking the cities of the province. Based on this ranking, Kermanshah and Paveh cities are at highest level of access to facilities and the cities of Sarpol-e-Zahab, Ghasre Shirin, Songhor, Dalaho and Salase Babajani are at the lowest level of access. The result of Pearson's correlation suggests a relatively high correlation between the extent of access of a city and its population and a relatively weak correlation between the degree of access to facilities in a city and its proximity to the center of the province. It is suggested that low access and deprived municipalities be considered as a priority for housing development programs.

Adaptation of western culture and patterns in Iran construction field and leaving old traditional architecture behind which were once Islamic-Iranian have caused some kind of alienation and lack of identity to appear in many residential and urban areas. Accordingly, identification of aspects and features of the physical identity of Islamic-Iranian housing construction and distinguishing it from modern western style of construction will help resuscitate Iranian-Islamic culture and indices in construction of buildings. The current study is aimed at surveying housing situation in Gorgan City from the view of Islamic indices and Iranian culture. The type of the research is applied -comparative and its method is historical and interpretational. The indices in this paper include physical, environmental, and cultural indices and the study utilizes components including the type of building style, their proximity, environmental situation, proximity to cultural and religious centers and housing adaptation of native culture and traditions. In order to acquire necessary data, two methods of field study and library study have been used. The statistical population of the current study includes Gorgan City, and the sample includes 375 buildings where questionnaires were distributed among households. For analyzing the data, SPSS software application, Excelm and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used. In order to draw maps and illustrate the dispersion of indices in the city, the geographic information system (GIS) software application was used. The findings show that housing in Gorgan City, considering the changes in recent decades, has left its native and traditional architectural style behind and by copying foreign, especially western, patterns has missed its past identity; on proximity of residential units and their adaptation with native culture and tradition of residents, Iranian architectural principles have not been observed and this problem has led to the dissatisfaction of residents in such houses.