مجله یافته های نوین زمین شناسی کاربردی
پیاپی 24 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

The study area is located in the south of Qorveh (Kurdistan Province), strcuctually in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Based on field observations, the study dykes are type of sin-plotonic dykes and based on petrographical studies mafic and dioritic dykes are included gabbro, gabbro-diorite, diorite, monzodiorite and quartz-monzodiorite rocks. Their main minerals are clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, hornblende, plagioclase, K-feldspar and quartz. Apatite, esphene, zircon and opaque minerals are their accessory minerals. The discrimination diagrams reveal all of the dykes belong to volcanic arc related to an active continental margin setting. It is implied by enrichment of LILE (such as Cs, Rb, U&Pb), depletion of HFSE (Nb, Ba) and high LILE/HFSE in the spider diagrams. The enrichment of LILE and Pb show the crustal contamination. Concentration La/Nb and La/Ta rations as well as the enrichment of LREE and LILE reveal that dykes were derived from enriched lithospheric mantle. I addition, enrichment of LREE elements relative to HREE represent that there are garnet phase or amphibole in source.

The Tajar feldspar deposit is located at 15 km southwest of Malayer city, 4 km northwest of Samen city, in the Hamedan province and west of Iran. Study area is located in the north part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan geological zone. Detailed exploration activities carried out for determining of geometrical data of mineralized zones. Indeed, according to the morphological and geometrical data of deposit, the rectangular exploration grid was designed and 45 exploratory boreholes (520 meters total depth) were drilled. Furthermore, for determining of shape and dimension of mineral deposit, lithological columns of mineral deposit and host rocks were designed. Then by providing their geological profiles, at first the volumes that enclosed between each section was calculated and eventually the mineral deposits was determined. Detail exploration results show that the Tajar feldspar deposit have 99286 m3 volume and 258145 tons deposit. Tajar feldspar deposit is sodic type and their mineral composition is oligclase to albite.

Rock strength parameters, especially the Brittleness is one of the most important features controlling the behavior of the rock material.Brittleness is a function of strength, which indicates the rock strength against deformation in the elastic range. rock damage is largely the function of rock properties.
Given the Brittleness of engineering projects stones are crucial and direct methods for measuring the Brittleness not standardized, in this study using p-wave speed test, dry density, water absorption percent, Schmidt hammer test, Point Load Test and also Single Axial Compressive Strength Brazilian elasticity on 10 samples of peridotites located in Harsin, Kermanshah Province to determine the implications of Brittleness fracture parameters determined by physical and mechanical characteristics.
According to the results, there is no reasonable and acceptable relationship between dry density and sound speed tests with the brittle rock.The highest adaptation between water absorption test, Schmitt hammer test and point load testwith brittleness indexes is BI , BI B3. That The correlation coefficient of these indices is 0.76(r) , 0.79(r) and 0.98(r) Respectively.
In fact, the mechanical properties of these rocks toward the physical properties are more consistentwith Brittleness index

Ore reserves can be classified on the basis of various criteria. Geostatistical methods are ‎highly accurate to estimate and classify ore reserves. The most important geostatistical ‎methods to classify the ore reserves are number and quality of the data involved in ‎estimation, error of Kriging variance and Kriging efficiency. In current research, the ore ‎reserve of Robat-Arregijeh lead-zinc located in Khomein township in Markazi province, has ‎been classified into three classes comprising proven, probable and prospected. In order to ‎better recognizing the deposit and ore nature, first the strip log of all boreholes and 3-D ‎lithology model of the region were drawn using Rockworks software. To estimate the ore ‎reserve after variography of the region with SGEMs software, geostatistical ordinary block ‎log-kriging method was used by DATAMINE software. By considering different economic ‎conditions, average grade and amount of the ore reserve were estimated for cut off grade 1.5, ‎‎2 and 3 weight percent. The comparison of the research results shows that amounts of ‎reserves classified by the various methods are highly different. Number and quality of the ‎data involved in estimation method with respect to the two others, yields higher value for ‎proven reserve, with less accurate reversely. Therefore in practice these two methods are ‎preferred in the first method. The amount of probable reserve of each three methods is close ‎to each other.‎

In this research relationships between petrological properties and physical and mechanical characteristics have been investigated in three different granitoid rocks' texture. According to field investigations granitoid with coarse, medium and fine texture from three regions respectively Golpaigan (Hasn Robat), Aligudarz (Pir Tak) and Borujerd (Tavan Dasht) were selected and sampled. Laboratory studies on these samples and their thin sections determined mineralogical and petrological composition. According to standard testes some of the physical properties such as porosity and density, and some of the mechanical properties such as point load strength and uniaxial compressive strength were calculated. Then relationship between physical and mechanical properties with petrological characterizes have been studied. This research showed that in these granitoid rocks the effect of the texture type on physical and mechanical properties is greater than mineralogical composition. Also findings showed that the investigation on petrological properties as primary index for evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of granitoid rocks could be done in further studies.

In the present study, the effect of density (ρ) and porosity (n) on the accuracy of correlation between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and modulus of elasticity (E) with Schmidt rebound hardness (HR) was investigated. For this purpose, 15 different limestones were selected and their petrographical characteristics, physical (ρ, n) and mechanical (UCS, E, HR) properties were determined. In the following, simple and multivariable regression analyses based on the HR, ρ and n for estimating the UCS and E were proposed. The relationships proposed based on the statistical tests have been investigated, which indicates their appropriate accuracy. Comparison of simple and multivariate relationships shows that ρ, n play an important role in increasing the estimation accuracy of UCS and E from HR. Moreover, the results show When HR and ρ be used as the input parameter in the regression analysis, the value of the determination coefficient for estimating the UCS and E are 0.88 and 0.83, respectively. Whereas, if HR and n be used as input parameters, the value of the determination coefficients for estimating the UCS and E are 0.91 and 0.74, respectively.

Environmental assessment of municipal solid waste landfill has a vital importance because of its high potential of pollution. The main aim of this research is to assess the effect of Behshahr landfill environmental effects on soil with respect to heavy metals contamination. For this reason, 12 soil samples have been chosen from surface soil of landfill site and neighbor agricultural lands and after preparation, the samples were analyzed by ICP-OES for measuring 35 elements. Among the analyzed elements, 8 elements including cobalt, zinc, copper, arsenic, molybdenum, chromium, nickel, and cadmium were evaluated. Also, for assessing the landfill effect on surrounding soils contamination, a sample from landfill leachate was taken and analyzed by ICP-MS. The obtained results were compared with 4 soil contamination standards. The results indicate that the average values of cobalt, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic, and nickel were higher than the standards pollution limits. Statistical analyses were performed on the results by employing Pearson’s correlation matrix, enrichment index, pollution index, and pollution load index. The measured pollution index indicates that the studied soils have moderate rate of human induced pollution and from enrichment index standpoint the Cd>As>Zn>Cu>Ni>Co>Cr>Mo trend can be seen. Pollution load index indicates that the landfill soil sample and samples 4 and 5 have highest pollution.

The north-west Birjand area tectonics is mainly affected by performance of western part of the Shekarab fault Zone. The results of the morphotectonic indexes include Smf,Vf, Er, SL, suggesting high amounts for SL (707) and Er (0.58) and lower values for Vf (0.94) and Smf (1.14), with neotectonic evidences such as cutting and tilting in Quaternary sediements, three abandoned river terrace levels and fault scarps, indicate the tectonics activity in this area. The stream fractal dimensions for western part of fault is 1.393 that also confirms tectonic activity. Cross section traced perpendicular to the fault zone represents three parallel east-west direction fault. Due to the occurrence of lateral migration in this area and adaptation epicenter of the recent earthquake above of north-west birjand thrus-fold, we suggest the rising in deposits along the F2 fault as fault related-folding. This anticline is asymmetric fold with more slope southern flanks than the northern flanke and also represent rising more on the northern flanks and with the performance of the back thrust with the slope to the south, rising anticline has been made. Due to the difference between the northern and southern flanks slopes of the anticline in the north-west Birjand and also difference between junction points of the anticline to the plains in northen and southern plain, and also due to the occurance of scarps parallel to the main faul because of growth and laterial migration in faults that they are show themself by topographical changes in the folding section, we consider the folding in the north west Birjand as fault propagation related-folding.

In this research, in addition to some of the researching views of rivers are discussed, achievments and sedimentological views of the Iranian rivers are studied in more detail. One of the most important environmental problems, is pollution of sediments or river water. Concentration of pollutant metals in fluvial sediments depends on various indicators such as the physico-chemical properties of the fluvial environment and geochemical charactristics of the metals. Methods for determination of total content and sequential extraction of different species of metals are used to determine the pollution of metals. In GIS-based researchs, river changes maps (in specific time periods) and flood zoning are widely used in flood plan management. In the river engineering debate, some common methods for investigating the flood phenomenon, including digital altitudinal model, hydrological trend model and triangular irregular net, are used. Also, other related topics in this regard, include the threshold of grain movement and predicting the behavior of rivers (based on artificial neural networks models and models based on statistical methods such as linear and nonlinear regression, Pearson, Spesarman and Man-Kendall correlation methods). Investigation of the threshold of grains movement will be done by methods such as flow unit discharge, critical shear stress and critical mean flow velocity. The most important subject in fluvial sedimentology include river morphology, flow regime and bedforms, classification of fluvial channel bodies and valley fills, fluvial styles, sedimentary scales in fluvial sediments, sedimentary facies, architectural elements, sediment load and fining trend of river sediments. Fluvial architecture consists of geometry and internal arrangement of channel and overbank deposits in fluvial sequences. The analysis of architectural elements is a relatively new method for the interpretation of fluvial facies. The variation of channel types and sediments in fluvial environments are due to the wide range of dependent factors governing on the fluvial sedimentation. Classifications of lithofacies, bounding surfaces and architectural elements are one of the most important methods for analyzing of fluvial architectural elements.

The term hydraulic fracturing expresses process of beginning and expanding the crack in the rock that caused by hydraulic pressure exerted by the fluid which is a way for assessing state of tensions in the ground and increase the efficiency of oil reservoirs. In this study, by carring out laboratory test, the effect of the geometry of cracking created in the wall of the well is investigated on hydraulic fracture pressure. This investigation is important because the companies that perform the hydraulic fracture are always trying to decrease cost of pump purchase. So pressure investigation can be useful in selecting suitable pump. For testing, a series cylindrical and hollow samples with a 73 mm external diameter, 25 mm inner diameter and 150 mm height are provided. In these samples, artificial cracks were created and the effect of length, height and crack thickness on hydraulic pressure was investigated. These tests are carried out for several different modes that in each series one of the parameters is changed and two other parameters are fixed and the effect of each parameters on the hydraulic fracture pressure is investigated. For the production of cylindrical samples, a mold was made to prepare cracked sample. The experimental results indicate that hydralic fracturing pressure linearly decreases with a increasing in the length and height of the crack. This pressure nonlinearly decreases with a increasing in the crack width. Also, crack length have more effect than crack height on the hydraulic fracture pressure and is also greater than the crack width.

The farmlands area in the south of Torbate Heydariyeh city has been irrigated by sewage for over 30 years. In this study, the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of soils irrigated by sewage and heavy metal concentration of vegetables cultivated in these soils are determined and compared with unpolluted samples. The polluted soils have a lower pH (7.5- 7.8) and higher organic content (more than 2.3%) than other soils (with pH>8 and organic component < 1%). All soil samples show similar major oxide composition and the same rare earth element (REE) patterns indicative similar parental materials. However, the trace elements composition is completely different between polluted and unpolluted soils. The soils irrigated by sewage show intense enrichment of many elements, especially heavy metals. These soils have lower 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 206Pb/207Pb and higher 208Pb/206Pb ratios than other soils which indicate the role of anthropogenic sources in their genesis. The bioavailability values in the polluted soils are very higher than unpolluted samples which led to increasing of transfer factor and heavy metal concentration in the vegetables. The concentration of Cd, Cr, and Pb in the polluted vegetables is more than the maximum permitted concentration.

The recorded textural evidences of garnets included in the metapelites and metabasites from the Gol-e-Gohar complex in southeastern Sanandaj-Sirjan zone highlight evidences of syn-S1 growth, after S1 schistosity, syn-S2 and after S2 schistosity, and the presence of two generations of garnet (GrtIa, GrtIb) in metapelites suggest dehydration continuous reaction GrtIa+Bt = GrtIb+Qz. Combinational profiles of garnet crystals in the metapelites and metabasites show the decrease of spessartine and XFe proportions and increase of pyrope and almandine from the center to the rim. All garnets belong to the pyralspite series (Spessartine-Almandine-Pyrope) and are almandine-rich. The increase in Mn in the garnet core is indicative of differentiation and crystalline growth associated with metamorphic processes. On the other hand, the lack of clear zoning of Ca and Al from the center to the rim of garnets and the minor changes of Fe element from the center to the rim could be an indicative of a closed system and Fe2+/Fe3+ non-oxidation during metamorphism indicating growth of garnets occurred due to crystalline growth and differentiation of elements during metamorphism. Also, increasing Mg and Fe from the center to the garnet rim along with increasing Ca contents in hornblendes and decreasing Ca and An contents in plagioclase from their centers to the margins suggest that the garnets probably formed by reaction between hornblende and plagioclase as the reaction Hornblende + Anorthite = Garnet + Quartz + H2O. The rapid growth of garnet and hornblende porphyroblasts removed H2O from the fluids and resulted in a gradual increase in the CO2 contents of the fluids. Sporadic calcites in the matrix may have been formed by these CO2-rich fluids.